Chapter 6: Bone/ Osseus Tissue Flashcards

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1
Q

Osteo-

A

Bone

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2
Q

The shaft of a bone

A

Diaphysis

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3
Q

The ends of a bone

A

Epiphysis

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4
Q

What covers the ends of moveable bones?

A

Articular cartilage aka hyaline cartilage

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5
Q

Fibrous membrane that covers the outer portion of a bone

A

Periosteum

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6
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Space inside a bone that contains bone marrow

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7
Q

The lining of the Medullary Cavity

A

Endosteum

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8
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

Area that contains hyaline cartilage in growing bones.
Causes elongation of the bone and becomes ossified with age

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9
Q

What is an osteoblast?

A

Cells that lay down collagen fibers and matrix to form bone.

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10
Q

What is an osteoclast?

A

Bone dissolving cells. Help maintain blood calcium levels when they are low by dissolving bone into the bloodstream

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11
Q

What is an osteocyte?

A

A mature osteoblast which originally comes from an osteogenic cell.

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12
Q

What is matrix made of?

A

Mostly hydroxyapatite which is a calcium phosphate salt, and some calcium carbonate (which is chalk)
Organic portion is mostly collagen

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13
Q

Densely packed bone that is usually located on the outer diaphysis

A

Compact bone

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14
Q

The basic structural unit of compact bone

A

Osteon

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15
Q

What are the 5 parts of a compact bone?

A
  1. Central canal
  2. Concentric lamellae
  3. Lacuna
  4. Canaliculi
  5. Perforating canal
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16
Q

Where is spongy bone usually found?
What is the general appearance?

A

Inside of the epiphysis with a lattice appearance from the calcified tissue called Trabeculae

17
Q

Formation of a bone

A

Ossification or osteogenesis

18
Q

What are the two methods of bone formation

A

Intramembranous ossification or Endochondral ossification

19
Q

Which bone formation produces flat bones like the skull and clavicle?

A

Intramembranous ossification

20
Q

Which type of growth helps increase bones length

A

Interstitial growth

21
Q

What is appositional growth in bones

A

Deposition onto the surface of the bones, increase the bones width/ diameter.

22
Q

What is the normal range of blood calcium?

A

9.2 — 10.4 mg/dL

23
Q

What is hypercalcemia?

A

High concentration of calcium in the blood stream.
>11 or 12 mg/dL

24
Q

What is hypocalcemia?

A

Low concentration of calcium in the blood. < 9.2 mg/dL

25
Q

What hormone is released in response to hypercalcemia?

A

Calcitonin

26
Q

What hormones are released in response to hypocalcemia?

A

The parathyroid hormone and calcitriol

27
Q

How does calcitonin affect blood calcium levels?

A

It decreases blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclasts and stimulating the osteoblasts to take calcium from the blood stream and put it back into the bone

28
Q

How does calcitriol affect blood calcium levels?

A

It increases the calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts, helps increase absorption of calcium in the small intestine and helps the kidney retain calcium in the blood.

29
Q

What helps stimulate the production of calcitriol?

A

The parathyroid hormone

30
Q

What are the 4 steps for fracture repair?

A
  1. Hematoma formation
  2. Granulation tissue forms
  3. Callus formation around fractured area. Made up of fibrocartilage
  4. Remodeling. Bone tissue laid down to form a second callus. Initial spongy bone formation then hardens to compact bone
31
Q

What is osteoporosis

A

Loss of bone mass associated with aging