Chapter 6: Bone/ Osseus Tissue

Question 1

Osteo-

Answer 1

Bone

Question 2

The shaft of a bone

Answer 2

Diaphysis

Question 3

The ends of a bone

Answer 3

Epiphysis

Question 4

What covers the ends of moveable bones?

Answer 4

Articular cartilage aka hyaline cartilage

Question 5

Fibrous membrane that covers the outer portion of a bone

Answer 5

Periosteum

Question 6

Medullary cavity

Answer 6

Space inside a bone that contains bone marrow

Question 7

The lining of the Medullary Cavity

Answer 7

Endosteum

Question 8

Epiphyseal plate

Answer 8

Area that contains hyaline cartilage in growing bones.
Causes elongation of the bone and becomes ossified with age

Question 9

What is an osteoblast?

Answer 9

Cells that lay down collagen fibers and matrix to form bone.

Question 10

What is an osteoclast?

Answer 10

Bone dissolving cells. Help maintain blood calcium levels when they are low by dissolving bone into the bloodstream

Question 11

What is an osteocyte?

Answer 11

A mature osteoblast which originally comes from an osteogenic cell.

Question 12

What is matrix made of?

Answer 12

Mostly hydroxyapatite which is a calcium phosphate salt, and some calcium carbonate (which is chalk)
Organic portion is mostly collagen

Question 13

Densely packed bone that is usually located on the outer diaphysis

Answer 13

Compact bone

Question 14

The basic structural unit of compact bone

Answer 14

Osteon

Question 15

What are the 5 parts of a compact bone?

Answer 15

1. Central canal
2. Concentric lamellae
3. Lacuna
4. Canaliculi
5. Perforating canal

Question 16

Where is spongy bone usually found?
What is the general appearance?

Answer 16

Inside of the epiphysis with a lattice appearance from the calcified tissue called Trabeculae

Question 17

Formation of a bone

Answer 17

Ossification or osteogenesis

Question 18

What are the two methods of bone formation

Answer 18

Intramembranous ossification or Endochondral ossification

Question 19

Which bone formation produces flat bones like the skull and clavicle?

Answer 19

Intramembranous ossification

Question 20

Which type of growth helps increase bones length

Answer 20

Interstitial growth

Question 21

What is appositional growth in bones

Answer 21

Deposition onto the surface of the bones, increase the bones width/ diameter.

Question 22

What is the normal range of blood calcium?

Answer 22

9.2 — 10.4 mg/dL

Question 23

What is hypercalcemia?

Answer 23

High concentration of calcium in the blood stream.
>11 or 12 mg/dL

Question 24

What is hypocalcemia?

Answer 24

Low concentration of calcium in the blood. < 9.2 mg/dL

Question 25

What hormone is released in response to hypercalcemia?

Answer 25

Calcitonin

Question 26

What hormones are released in response to hypocalcemia?

Answer 26

The parathyroid hormone and calcitriol

Question 27

How does calcitonin affect blood calcium levels?

Answer 27

It decreases blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclasts and stimulating the osteoblasts to take calcium from the blood stream and put it back into the bone

Question 28

How does calcitriol affect blood calcium levels?

Answer 28

It increases the calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts, helps increase absorption of calcium in the small intestine and helps the kidney retain calcium in the blood.

Question 29

What helps stimulate the production of calcitriol?

Answer 29

The parathyroid hormone

Question 30

What are the 4 steps for fracture repair?

Answer 30

1. Hematoma formation
2. Granulation tissue forms
3. Callus formation around fractured area. Made up of fibrocartilage
4. Remodeling. Bone tissue laid down to form a second callus. Initial spongy bone formation then hardens to compact bone

Question 31

What is osteoporosis

Answer 31

Loss of bone mass associated with aging