Second Industrial Revolution and Gilded Age (Working Conditions)

Question 1

Sweatshop

Answer 1

a factory where workers work long hours at low wages

Question 2

XII. Change in the Workplace

Answer 2

Before the 1870s, factories were family-run, close-knit businesses. Growth in major cities attracted workers from farms, African Americans in the south, and European and Asian immigrants.

Question 3

XIII. Workplace Problems

Answer 3

b/c of the growth in industrial jobs, many workers worked 10-12 hours per day, 6 days a week, injuries and deaths, child labor and unfair wages were common, relations between workers and employers declined, no job security or insurance

Question 4

Labor Union

Answer 4

an organization of workers that protects their rights and safety

Question 5

Strike

Answer 5

a temporary stoppage of activities to protest against an act or condition

Question 6

Knights of Labor Union

Answer 6

first labor union, chose Terence Powderly as their president, wanted to end secret meetings, allowed women, blacks, immigrants, and unskilled workers to join
GOAL: 8 hour work day, equal pay, end child labor

Question 7

American Federation of Labor

Answer 7

Samuel Gompers, memberships were open to skilled workers only, wanted higher wages, shorter hours, believed in the use of strikes

Question 8

The Industrial Worker of the World

Answer 8

led by Big Bill Haywood, blacks, sharecroppers, and newly arrived immigrants from Eastern Europe, influenced by marxism

Question 9

Strikebreaker

Answer 9

people hired to work during a strike

Question 10

Injunction

Answer 10

a court order to do or not to do something

Question 11

XV. Conflicts with Labor

Answer 11

Haymarket Affair, Homestead Strike, Pullman Strike, industrialists started hiring strikebreakers and private detectives (Pinkerton Group)

Question 12

Haymarket Affair

Answer 12

nonviolent protest for 8 hour work days, turned deadly, police had broken up a strike at McCormick plant, anarchists threw bombs at the police in Chicago, killing both police and protesters

Question 13

Homestead Act

Answer 13

the state called in the state militia to put down the strike

Question 14

Pullman Strike

Answer 14

a strike that was put down by the President Cleveland because it disrupted mail delivery (used the Sherman Antitrust Act)

Question 15

XVI. Response to Strikes

Answer 15

Americans opposed strikes due to violence, belief in hard work gets rewarded, and unpopularity with unions, thought to be run by anarchists, leading to owners feeling free to crush it

Question 16

Shirtwaist

Answer 16

a woman’s blouse that resembles a shirt

Question 17

Department of Labor

Answer 17

a cabinet position created in 1913 to promote the interests of the workforce

Question 18

XVII. Women and the Labor Force

Answer 18

By 1890, a million American women took factory jobs, leading to the formation of unions for better conditions and higher wages. The first successful labor strike was the ILGWU, though, it wasn’t successful. Mother Jones, an activist traveled across the country campaigning for improved work conditions and to stop abusing children in textile mills.

Question 19

ILGWU

Answer 19

International Ladies Garments Workers Union

Question 20

XVIII. Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

Answer 20

On March 25, 1911, a major fire broke out in the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory on the 8th, 9th, and 10th floor, 146 deaths (62 by jumping), brought reform to the workplaces and their safety regulations