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Biology 1130 > Second Exam: Plants > Flashcards

Second Exam: Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

How do plants obtain most of their water and minerals?

A

From their roots via the upper soil layers

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2
Q

What are the basic physical properties of soil!

A

Texture and composition

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3
Q

What does soil texture describe?

A

The inorganic solid phase of soil

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4
Q

What is soil texture determined by?

A

The ratio of clay, silt, and sand

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5
Q

What does soil composition describe?

A

Both the inorganic and organic chemical components of soil

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6
Q

What are the organic components of soil also called?

A

Humus

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7
Q

What are the inorganic components of soil also called?

A

Mineral

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8
Q

What are the organic components of soil formed by?

A

The decomposition of living things

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9
Q

What do the organic components of soil do to the soil?

A

Organic components increase the soil’s capacity to exchange cations

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10
Q

Where are the inorganic components of soil typically more abundant?

A

Near bedrock

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11
Q

What do cations do in the soil?

A

They adhere soil particles which prevents leaching

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12
Q

What does cation exchange in soil do?

A

It enables plant uptake of cations by roots

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13
Q

What are 3 examples of sustainable agricultural practices?

A

Drip-irrigation, terraced agriculture, and crop rotation

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14
Q

What are the two categories of essential elements for plants?

A

Macro and micronutrients

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15
Q

What are macronutrients?

A

Nutrients needed in large quantities

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16
Q

How many essential elements are there?

A

17

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17
Q

How many essential elements are macronutrients?

A

9

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18
Q

Plants and soil microbes have a _______ relationship

A

Mutualistic

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19
Q

What do nitrifying bacteria do?

A

They convert stuff into NO3-

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20
Q

What converts stuff into NO3-?

A

Nitrifying bacteria

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21
Q

What do ammonifying bacteria and nitrogen fixation do?

A

They convert stuff into NH4+

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22
Q

What converts stuff into NH4+?

A

Ammonifying bacteria and nitrogen fixation

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23
Q

What are mycorrhizae?

A

Mutualistic associations of fungi and roots

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24
Q

What are the two types of mycorrhizae?

A

Ectomycorrhizae, and Arbuscular Mycorrhizae

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25
Q

Which type of mycorrhizae is more common?

A

Arbuscular mycorrhizae

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26
Q

What is ectomycorrhizae?

A

When the fungi go in between the cell walls of the root cells

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27
Q

What is arbuscular mycorrhizae?

A

When the fungi actually go inside the root cells

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28
Q

Describe why mycorrhizae is mutualistic

A

The fungi benefit because they get sugar from the roots, and the plant benefits because the fungi help it grow more roots

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29
Q

What are three types of plants that have nutritional adaptations that use organisms in a non-mutualistic way?

A

Epiphytes, parasitic plants, and carnivorous plants

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30
Q

What are epihphytes?

A

Plants that use other plants as structure

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31
Q

What are parasitic plants?

A

Plants that live on other plants and their nutrients (they steal their sugars and structure)

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32
Q

What are carnivorous plants?

A

Plants that eat bugs or rodents

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33
Q

Why are carnivorous plants carnivorous?

A

Because they adapted to live in nutrient-poor soil by getting their nutrients from animals instead of the soil

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34
Q

What does the root system of a plant do?

A

It supports the plant, and absorbs water and minerals

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35
Q

What is the shoot system of a plant comprised of?

A

Vegetative/ non-reproductive portions of the plant, such as the leaves and stems

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36
Q

What is the reproductive system of a plant comprised of?

A

Flowers and fruits

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37
Q

What three tissues make up the ground tissue system?

A

Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma

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38
Q

What do ground tissues do?

A

They do metabolism, storage, and support activities

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39
Q

Where are the ground tissues located?

A

In the stem

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40
Q

What are parenchyma cells?

A

They’re an undifferentiated cell that contains organelles and a primary cell well

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41
Q

What are collenchyma cells?

A

They’re similar to parenchyma cells, however, they’re differentiated and have thickened cell walls to provide support

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42
Q

What are sclerenchyma cells?

A

They have a continuous secondary cell wall and a primary cell wall, and they provide more support and strength to cells (along with xylem and phloem)

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43
Q

What are the two types of sclerenchyma cells?

A

Fibers and sclerids

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44
Q

What are fibers (in the stem)?

A

A type of sclerenchyma cell that is long and slender

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45
Q

What are sclerids?

A

A type of sclerenchyma tissue that is often spherical shaped and branched

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46
Q

Where is the xylem located?

A

At the very center of the stele, and often has two or more extensions

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47
Q

Which is bigger in diameter: xylem or phloem?

A

Xylem

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48
Q

What does the Xylem do, and where is this conducted?

A

It carries water and minerals upwards, which is conducted in tracheids and vessel elements

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49
Q

Describe tracheids

A

A part of the xylem that is long and narrow, with end walls that are perforated with pits to allow water to move from cell to cell

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50
Q

Where is the phloem located?

A

Between xylem arms

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51
Q

What does the phloem do, and what specifically does this?

A

The phloem’s sieve tube elements move dissolved sucrose down from the leaves and to the rest of the plant

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52
Q

Where is the vascular cambium located?

A

Inbetween the xylem and phloem

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53
Q

What is the vascular cambium designed to do?

A

It makes roots wider

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54
Q

What does the epidermis do in above ground plant organs?

A

It’s involved with gas exchange

55
Q

What does the epidermis do in below ground plant organs?

A

It’s involved with water and ion uptake

56
Q

What does the epidermis do in all parts of the plant?

A

It protects soft tissues and controls interactions with the plant’s surroundings

57
Q

What does primary growth increase?

A

The length of the plant

58
Q

What does secondary growth increase?

A

The width of the plant

59
Q

Where does primary growth occur?

A

At the apical meristems, which are at the root’s tips, as well as the shoots and within the buds of stems

60
Q

What types of plants does secondary growth occur in?

A

Woody plants

61
Q

What type of plants does primary growth occur in?

A

All plants

62
Q

What does secondary growth do?

A

It adds wood and bark

63
Q

Where does secondary growth occur?

A

At the lateral meristems at the vascular cambium and cork cambium

64
Q

What’s the difference between apical and lateral meristems?

A

The apical meristem is involved with primary growth, and the lateral meristem is involved with secondary growth

65
Q

What are taproot systems?

A

Root systems with one main root formed from the radicle, with many lateral roots branching out from the taproot

66
Q

What type of root system gives access to deeper resources faster?

A

Taproot system

67
Q

What type of plants is the taproot system characteristic of?

A

Dicots, eudicots, and gymnosperms

68
Q

What are fibrous root systems?

A

Root systems that consist of many main roots of similar size arising from the stem, with lateral roots branching off of these roots

69
Q

What type of plants is the fibrous root system characteristic of?

A

Oak trees and monocots

70
Q

Monocots are most likely to have ________ root systems

A

Fibrous

71
Q

What is a radicle?

A

A seedling’s embryonic root

72
Q

What is the difference between a primary eudicot root and a monocot root?

A

Monocots have a central pith, and eudicots have an x shaped center

73
Q

What is the pith of a root?

A

Nonliving old tissue that makes up the “meat”

74
Q

What is the difference between apoplastic and symplastic movement?

A

Apoplastic movement is movement through interconnected cell wall spaces in the cortex, and symplastic movement is through cells’ and their cytoplasm

75
Q

What is the structure of roots with secondary growth?

A

Woody eudicots lay down concentric rings as they get wider because of dead tissues like phloem getting pushed out, old xylem gets pushed into the dense center, and bark doesn’t exist on roots because they need to absorb nutrients

76
Q

What are two examples of mutualistic relationships between roots and other organisms?

A

Roots and nitrogen fixing bacteria, and roots and mycorrhizae (fungi)

77
Q

What are three types of roots that are modified to perform uncommon functions?

A

Modified starch-storing roots, aerial roots, and humadiphor roots

78
Q

What is an example of a modified starch-storing root?

A

Potatoes

79
Q

What do aerial roots do?

A

They absorb gas water in humid areas above ground

80
Q

What are humadiphor roots? What are 2 examples?

A

Roots that grow out of the ground and up. Examples include mangroves and possibly cyprus trees

81
Q

What’s the difference between simple and compound leaves?

A

Simple leaves only have one leaf, compound leaves have multiple

82
Q

What are the three types of leaf arrangements?

A

Alternating, opposite, or whorled

83
Q

What are the two types of leaf veins structures?

A

Parallel and netted

84
Q

What are the types of netted veins?

A

Palmately, denate, or pinnately netted

85
Q

What are the types of parallel veins?

A

Longitudinally and pinnately

86
Q

What’s the difference between leaf anatomy of eudicots and monocots?

A

Eudicots have more stomata on the lower surface, monocots have evenly distributed stomata

87
Q

How does blue light relate to stomata?

A

Blue light can cause stomata to open

88
Q

What are the reasons why guard cells would close the stomata?

A

It’s night, there’s a high concentration of CO2 in the guard cells, or the guard cells are dehydrated

89
Q

When the guard cell holds the stomata open, what are its conditions?

A

It’s turgid and has a low concentration of CO2

90
Q

Define turgid

A

Having lots of water

91
Q

What does transpiration do to plants?

A

It dehydrates them and causes them to need more water and close their stomata at night

92
Q

What’s the difference between transpiration and guttation?

A

Transpiration is with water and usually happens because of open stomata in the leaves, guttation is the exhumation of xylem sap on leaves

93
Q

What is guttation?

A

The exudation of xylem sap on leaves

94
Q

What are four examples of modified leaves?

A

Lily pads have modified leaves to float in a watery environment, pine needles have a reduced surface area for cold temperatures, onions are leaves with storage for starches due to lack of nutrients in soil, and cacti have needle leaves so they don’t get eaten by dehydrated animals

95
Q

What are trichomes?

A

Leaves with stingy hairs so people don’t eat them (ex: stinging nettle)

96
Q

Soil particles are _____ charged

A

Negatively

97
Q

80-90% of a plant’s fresh mass is _____

A

water

98
Q

4% of a plant’s dry mass is __________

A

inorganic substances from soil

99
Q

96% of a plant’s dry mass is _____

A

from CO2 assimilated during photosynthesis

100
Q

What three factors contribute to plant growth?

A

Soil, air, and water

101
Q

What are the most common plant nutrient deficiencies?

A

Nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus

102
Q

What is nitrogen fixation?

A

The conversion from N2 to NH3, which is then converted to NH4+

103
Q

Describe the conversion to NO3

A

Nitrifying bacteria oxidize NH3 to nitrite (NO2–) then nitrite to nitrate (NO3–), but some nitrogen is lost to the atmosphere when denitrifying bacteria convert NO3– to N2

104
Q

What are nodules?

A

Bumps in a plant’s roots where it’s “infected” with rhizobium bacteria

105
Q

What are rhizobium bacteria?

A

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria that provide plants (legumes) with a source of fixed nitrogen

106
Q

What are bacteroids? Where are they?

A

A form of rhizobium bacteria which is contained within vesicles formed by the root cell

107
Q

What makes the relationship between rhizobium and plant roots mutualistic?

A

The plant obtains fixed nitrogen from Rhizobium, and Rhizobium obtains sugar and an anaerobic environment

108
Q

What does crop rotation take advantage of?

A

The symbiotic relationship between legumes and nitrogen-fixing bacteria

109
Q

What do root cap cells secrete and why?

A

They secrete lubricating polysaccharides to reduce friction

110
Q

Besides secreting, what else do root cap cells do?

A

Protect the apical meristem

111
Q

What are root hairs?

A

Short-lived tubular extensions located just behind the growing root tip

112
Q

What is development of roots and root hairs controlled by?

A

Two regulatory genes that code for transcription factors

113
Q

What’s the order of the sections present in the cross-section of roots from outside to inside?

A

Root hairs, epidermis, exodermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, phloem, xylum

114
Q

What is the cortex of a root made of?

A

Parenchyma cells

115
Q

What type of cells are in the exodermis of a root?

A

Sclerenchyma cells

116
Q

Where is the Casperian Strip located?

A

In the endodermis of roots

117
Q

What is the endodermis?

A

The innermost layer of the cortex

118
Q

What is the Casperian Strip?

A

A water-impermeable strip of waxy material that forces water and solutes to cross the plasma membranes of endodermal cells instead of slipping between the cells.

119
Q

Why does the Casperian Strip have to do the job it does?

A

To ensure that only materials required by the root pass through the endodermis, while toxic substances and pathogens are generally exclude

120
Q

What is the pericycle in roots?

A

Nonvascular tissue separating the endodermis from the phloem

121
Q

What do root hairs do?

A

Increase the surface area of the root, which helps with absorption

122
Q

What comprises the majority of the root?

A

The cortex

123
Q

How many layers of epidermal cells cover roots?

A

One

124
Q

What does most water that enters the root do?

A

It moves along the cell walls made of cellulose

125
Q

What is the primary function of the root cortex?

A

Starch storage

126
Q

What does the endodermis do?

A

It regulates the movement of water and minerals that enter the xylem

127
Q

Each endodermal cell has what?

A

A casperian strip on its radial and transverse walls

128
Q

What is the waterproof material in casparian strips made out of?

A

Suberin

129
Q

What two pathways does water follow in the root?

A

Symplast pathways and apoplast pathways

130
Q

The symplast pathway consists of what?

A

Living cells interconnected by plasmodesmada

131
Q

To reach the vascular tissues of the xylem, water must pass through what?

A

The plasma membranes of endodermal cells

132
Q

What is the stele?

A

The center of a eudicot’s primary root

133
Q

What does vascular cambium produce?

A

Xylum

134
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place in leaves?

A

Palisade mesophyll

Biology 1130 (12 decks)

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