Quiz recap Flashcards
During signal transduction involving G protein and cAMP, what do protein kinases add to target proteins?
Phosphate groups
Which is a major group of enzyme-linked receptors
Tyrosine kinases
Many intracellular receptors are transcription factors; when activated, they activate or repress specific _____.
genes
Every type of chemical bond contains a certain amount of energy. The total bond energy, which is essentially equivalent to the total potential energy of the system, is a quantity known as
enthalpy
A glucose molecule that is metabolized via aerobic respiration has been completely broken down and released as CO2 by the end of:
the citric acid cycle
Which is the energy source that drives the Calvin cycle?
ATP and NADH
What is the first step in the Calvin cycle?
CO2 attaches to RuBP.
Which list correctly orders soil particles in increasing diameter?
Clay, silt, sand
Which is the correct horizontal pathway of water from the soil to the center of the root?
root hair → epidermis → cortex → endodermis → pericycle → xylem
At the center of an herbaceous eudicot stem is:
pith
Vascular cambium gives rise to which of the following tissues?
secondary xylem
Epidermal cells secrete a ____ to reduce water loss
cuticle
A tissue is a group of ____.
closely associated, similar cells
True or false: A neuron is made up of an axon and a glial cell.
False
Most chemical digestion occurs in the:
duodenum
How are amino acids absorbed by the small intestine?
Active transport
Bile is produced in the ____ and stored in the ____.
liver, gallbladder
The resting potential of a neuron results from a:
negative cytosolic charge relative to the extracellular fluid.
What event begins the process of repolarization following an action potential?
Na+ channel inactivation gates close.
What is the function of the somatic division of the peripheral nervous system?
It helps the body respond to changes in the external environment.
How does gravity detection in humans work?
Otoliths are pulled down by gravity onto stereocilia, stimulating nerve impulses.
An individual born without Pacinian corpuscles will not
sense surface vibrations easily.
Insulin is produced by the:
beta cells of the islets of Langerhans.
During stressful situations, epinephrine initiates:
the dilation of the blood vessels to the brain.
What is the largest group of hormones?
Peptide hormones
Hormones are synthesized from cholesterol are part of the ____ group of hormones
steroid hormone
Bone cells called ____ continually remodel bone.
osteoblasts
Large, multinucleate cells that break down bone are called:
osteoclasts
Troponin and tropomyosin regulate:
actin and myosin interactions
What is the correct order of events that occur during muscle contraction?
Acetylcholine is released, t-tubules are depolarized, calcium binds to troponin, ATP molecule is split, filaments slide, muscle shortens
The percent oxygen saturation of hemoglobin is highest in the:
pulmonary capillaries where oxygen concentration is highest. .
Which of the following areas of the respiratory tract is lined with a single layer of epithelial cells?
Alveoli
When drinking water at a party you sneeze and water comes out of your nose. Why did this happen?
The pharynx and nasal cavity were connected.
Which of the following structures is considered to be the pacemaker of the heart?
Sinoatrial node
Blood pressure depends on:
blood flow and resistance of blood against the vessel walls.
Osmoconformers would most likely be found in:
open ocean waters
Trace the flow of urine through the 5 major structures
Renal papilla, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra
Secretion in the nephron occurs primarily where?
In the distal convoluted tubule
What is the function of antidiuretic hormone?
It increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water so more is reabsorbed.
The basis of the immune system is:
distinguishing between the self and the nonself
What is considered a component of adaptive immunity?
An antibody
Before a pathogen can be destroyed in the antibody-mediated process, a T helper cell must recognize a(n) ____ on the surface of a macrophage.
antigen-MHC complex
____ are responsible for cell mediated immunity.
T-lymphocytes
The main antigen presenting cells of the body are:
macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells
The principle of nuclear equivalence states that:
there is no loss of genetic information through determination or differentiation
The fast block to polyspermy involves the:
opening of ion channels that change the polarity of the egg membrane
Following cleavage of the zygote, which of the following is the first to occur?
Morula
Which structure is the most immediate precursor of the brain?
Neural tube
A human embryo is capable of movement and has gonads that are distinguishable as either testes or ovaries by the end of the:
first trimester
