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Biology 1130 > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the exchange of gases between an organism and its environment (O2 & CO2) called?

A

Organismic respiration

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2
Q

What types of animals exchange gasses through simple diffusion?

A

Small aquatic organisms

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3
Q

How do complex multicellular organisms exchange gasses?

A

Specialized respiratory structures

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4
Q

What are examples of system adaptations to enhance gas exchange?

A

Amphibians respire across their skin as well as lungs, insects have an extensive tracheal system, fish use gills, and mammals have a large network of alveoli in lung tissue

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5
Q

How do animals with lungs exchange gasses?

A

They carry on ventilation by breathing air; respiratory and circulatory systems are functionally connected

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6
Q

What are the four main types of respiratory surfaces?

A

The animal’s own body surface, tracheal tubes, gills, and lungs

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7
Q

What do most respiratory structures have in common?

A

Most are supplied with blood vessels that facilitate exchange and transport of respiratory gases

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8
Q

Describe diffusion

A

Diffusion is passive, driven only by the difference in O2 and CO2 concentrations on the two sides of the membranes and their relative solubility in the plasma membrane

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9
Q

What is Fick’s law of diffusion?

A

The amount of a gas that diffuses across the alveolar membrane depends on differences in partial pressure, and on the surface area of the membrane; gas diffuses faster if the difference in pressure or the surface area increases
R = DA ∆p /d

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10
Q

What is Dalton’s law of partial pressures?

A

In a mixture of gases, total pressure of the mixture is the sum of the pressures of the individual gases
Each gas exerts, independently of the others, a partial pressure – the same pressure it would exert alone

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11
Q

Evolutionary changes have occurred to optimize the rate of ______

A

Diffusion (R).

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12
Q

How is the rate of diffusion optimized?

A

Increase surface area A, decrease distance d, or increase concentration difference Dp

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13
Q

What is ventilation (what most animals do)?

A

The active movement of air or water over respiratory surfaces

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14
Q

In what animals does gas exchange occur through the entire body surface?

A

Small animals with high surface area-to-volume ratios and low metabolic rates

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15
Q

In what kind of animals does the body secretes fluids that keep its surface moist?

A

Terrestrial animals

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16
Q

Describe tracheal tubes

A

Some arthropods have a network of tracheal tubes (tracheae) that delivers air directly to cells; Air enters through spiracles along body surface; muscles may help pump air in/out of spiracles

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17
Q

Describe gills

A

Moist, thin structures that extend from the body surface. The outer surface is exposed to water, inner side to networks of blood vessels

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18
Q

Describe dermal gills and what animals have them

A

Sea stars and sea urchins have dermal gills that project from the body wall – gases are exchanged between water and coelomic fluid

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19
Q

Describe the book lungs of spiders

A

They have thin plates of tissue filled with hemolymph, separated by air spaces that receive oxygen through a spiracle

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20
Q

How do lungs develop?

A

Lungs develop as ingrowths of the body surface or from the wall of a body cavity

21
Q

What is homologous to lungs?

A

Swim bladders

22
Q

Describe the gas exchange of amphibians

A

Most amphibians have lungs, although most of their gas exchange takes place across the body surface

23
Q

Describe the gas exchange of reptiles

A

Reptiles draw air into the lungs, but gas exchange is not very efficient and does not sustain long periods of activity

24
Q

What is the disadvantage of breathing air?

A

Respiratory surfaces must be kept moist because O2 and CO2 dissolve in fluid

25
Q

What are the advantages of breathing air?

A

Air contains a higher concentration of oxygen, oxygen diffuses faster in air than water, and less energy is needed to move air over a gas exchange surface

26
Q

Describe the countercurrent exchange system found in animals with gills

A

Blood flows in a direction opposite to the movement of the water, maximizing the difference in O2 concentration between blood and water along the area of contact

27
Q

More than ____% of oxygen available in water diffuses into blood

A

80%

28
Q

What do gill filaments contain?

A

A capillary network of blood vessels

29
Q

Describe the location of gills

A

The gills form the lateral wall of the pharyngeal cavity, and they lie under a bony plate, the operculum.

30
Q

Describe the function of gills

A

Each gill consists of a cartilaginous gill arch to which two rows of leaf-like gill laments attach. Each gill lament has many smaller extensions rich in capillaries. As water flows past the gill lament, oxygen passes from the water into blood circulating through the capillaries.

31
Q

Describe theoretical concurrent flow in gills

A

If the system were concurrent—that is, if blood owed through the capillaries in the same direction as the flow of the water—much less of the oxygen dissolved in the water could diffuse into the blood.

32
Q

What does a bird’s respiratory system consist of?

A

Paired lungs

33
Q

Describe a bird’s respiratory system

A

The paired lungs contain static structures with surfaces for gas exchange, and connected air sacs, which expand and contract causing air to move through the static lungs.

34
Q

How long does oxygen remain in the respiratory system of bird’s lungs?

A

A breath of oxygen-rich inhaled air remains in the respiratory system for two complete inhalation and exhalation cycles before it is fully spent (used) and exhaled out the body.

35
Q

Why is the way birds breathe effective?

A

The unidirectional flow of fresh air over the gas exchange surfaces in the lungs. Furthermore, fresh air passes over the gas exchange surfaces during both inhalation and exhalation, resulting in a constant supply of fresh air enabling the bird to experience a near-continuous state of gas exchange within the lungs.

36
Q

During vertebrate evolution, what changed?

A

The surface area of the lung increased

37
Q

Mammalian lungs have millions of what?

A

Air sacs (alveoli) that increase the surface available for gas exchange

38
Q

In mammals, what is surrounded by an extensive capillary network?

A

Alveoli in the lungs

39
Q

In mammals, what does inhaled air pass through before the lungs?

A

Larynx, glottis, and trachea

40
Q

Each mammalian lung is covered in what?

A

A pleural membrane, which forms a continuous sac that encloses the lung

41
Q

Each alveolus is lined by what?

A

A single layer of epithelial cells through which gases diffuse into the surrounding capillaries

42
Q

What does the bronchi in the lungs branch into?

A

Small bronchioles, each ending in a cluster of alveoli

43
Q

Define ventilation

A

Mechanical process of moving air between the environment and the lungs

44
Q

During inhalation/exhalation, the volume of the thoracic cavity is increased/decreased by what?

A

The movement of the diaphragm

45
Q

How is the work of breathing reduced?

A

By pulmonary surfactant secreted by specialized epithelial cells the lining the alveoli

46
Q

During inhalation, how does thoracic volume increase?

A

Through contraction of two muscle sets: contraction of the external intercostal muscles expands the rib cage and contraction of the diaphragm expands the volume of thorax and lungs

47
Q

During inhalation, the contraction of the two muscles sets causes _____ pressure, which draws air into the lungs

A

negative

48
Q

How does breathing rate increase?

A

Chemoreceptors in medulla are stimulated by increases in arterial CO2 concentration and signal to increasing breathing rate

Biology 1130 (12 decks)

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