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Biology 1130 > Circulatory system > Flashcards

Circulatory system Flashcards

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1
Q

Cells require what?

A

A continuous supply of nutrients, oxygen, and removal of waste products

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2
Q

In very small animals, how are materials exchanged?

A

By diffusion

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3
Q

What provides a medium for diffusion of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes?

A

Fluid between the cells

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4
Q

What does fluid between the cells do?

A

Provides a medium for diffusion of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes

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5
Q

What does the evolution of specialized circulatory systems allow?

A

Animals to increase in size because it reduced the distance needed for diffusion

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6
Q

What animals lack a separate circulatory system?

A

Sponges, cnidarians, and nematodes

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7
Q

What makes cnidarians unique in regards to the circulatory system?

A

Their central gastrovascular cavity is a circulatory and digestive organ

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8
Q

What are the three parts of the circulatory system of larger animals?

A

Blood, a pumping organ (generally a heart), and blood vessels through which blood circulates

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9
Q

What is blood?

A

A connective tissue consisting of cells and cell fragments dispersed in plasma

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10
Q

What are the two types of circulatory systems?

A

Open and closed

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11
Q

What defines an open circulatory system? What is the name for its fluid(s)?

A

No distinction between circulating and extracellular fluid, and this fluid is called hemolymph

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12
Q

What defines a closed circulatory system?

A

Distinct circulatory fluid enclosed in blood vessels and transported away from and back to the heart

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13
Q

What are the 8 things vertebrate circulatory systems do?

A

Transports nutrients from digestive system or storage to cells, transports oxygen from respiratory structures to cells, transports metabolic wastes from cells to excretory organs, transports hormones from endocrine glands to target tissues, helps maintain fluid balance, helps distribute metabolic heat and maintain body temperature, helps maintain appropriate pH, and defends the body against invading microorganisms

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14
Q

Describe capillaries

A

The smallest blood vessels, have very thin walls that permit exchange of materials between blood and interstitial fluid

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15
Q

What makes up the vertebrate circulatory system?

A

Blood vessels, blood, lymph, lymph vessels, and associated organs such as the thymus, spleen, and liver

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16
Q

What did the vertebrate cardiovascular system become modified for and why?

A

Vertebrate cardiovascular system became modified as the site of gas exchange shifted from gills to lungs, and as metabolic rates increased

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17
Q

Briefly describe the vertebrate heart

A

One or two chambers receive blood returning from the tissues and one or two ventricles that pump blood into arteries

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18
Q

Most nonavian reptiles have what?

A

A double circuit of blood flow; a wall partly divides the ventricles (except crocodilians)

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19
Q

What’s the pattern of blood circulation in birds and mammals?

A

Veins (from organs) → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary arteries → capillaries in the lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → arteries (to organs) → arterioles→ capillaries → veins

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20
Q

What is the extracellular matrix of blood called?

A

Plasma

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21
Q

What are the 3 types of cells in blood?

A

RBCs, WBCs, platelets

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22
Q

What makes up plasma?

A

~92% water, 7% proteins, salts, and transported materials

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23
Q

What are the plasma proteins?

A

Fibrinogen (involved in clotting), globulins (alpha, beta, gamma), and albumins

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24
Q

What do plasma proteins do?

A

Plasma proteins help regulate distribution of fluid between plasma and interstitial fluid

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25
Q

If fibrinogen is removed, what is plasma called?

A

Serum

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26
Q

What are the ions present in plasma?

A

Na+, Cl–, HCO3, and trace Ca2+, Mg2+, Cu2+, K+, Zn2+

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27
Q

What makes RBCs in mammals unique?

A

The RBC nucleus is ejected – each RBC is a flexible, biconcave disc with an elastic internal framework

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28
Q

What’s another name for RBCs?

A

Erythrocyctes

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29
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

RBCs

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30
Q

How many RBCs are there per microliter of blood?

A

About 5 million

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31
Q

What is the fraction of the total blood volume occupied by red blood cells?

A

Hematocrit

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32
Q

How long do RBCs live?

A

About 120 days

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33
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

The pigment that binds and transports oxygen

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34
Q

How are old RBCs removed?

A

They’re removed from circulation by phagocytic cells in the liver and spleen

35
Q

How are new RBCs made?

A

They’re produced in bone marrow, regulated by the erythropoietin hormone

36
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

WBCs

37
Q

What is another name for WBCs?

A

Leukocytes

38
Q

Where are leukocytes made?

A

Red bone marrow

39
Q

What are the two main types of WBCs?

A

Granular and agranular

40
Q

What are the types of granular WBCs?

A

Neutrophils. eosinophils, and basophils

41
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

Phagocytic granular WBCs that ingest bacteria and dead cells; granules contain digestive enzymes

42
Q

What are eosinophils?

A

Granular WBCs that contain lysosomes with enzymes that degrade cell membranes of parasitic worms and protozoa

43
Q

What are basophils?

A

Granular WBCs that release histamine and heparin

44
Q

Describe agranular leukocytes

A

They lack granules and their nuclei are rounded or kidney-shaped

45
Q

What are the two types of agranular leukocytes?

A

Monocytes and lymphocytes

46
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

Agranular WBCs that fight infections: some produce antibodies; others directly attack invaders such as bacteria or viruses

47
Q

What are monocytes?

A

Agranular WBC phagocytes that migrate from blood into tissues during an infection; they differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells

48
Q

What are the four steps of blood clotting?

A

Injury to blood vessel, wall of vessel contracts, platelets adhere to collagen fibers of damaged vessel wall, and a more permanent clot forms.

49
Q

What is important in blood clotting in mammals?

A

Platelets and a variety of clotting factors are important in blood clotting

50
Q

What do most non-mammal vertebrates have to help with blood clotting?

A

Thrombocytes

51
Q

What do mammals have for blood clotting and what are they?

A

Platelets: tiny spherical or disc-shaped fragments of cytoplasm pinched off from large bone marrow cell

52
Q

What are the three main types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries, capillaries, and veins

53
Q

What are the three layers of the walls of arteries/veins?

A

Endothelium, connective tissue & smooth muscle cells, and connective tissue rich in elastic and collagen fibers

54
Q

Where are materials exchanged with blood?

A

Materials are exchanged between blood and interstitial fluid through capillary walls

55
Q

Describe arteries

A

They carry blood away from the heart, and divide into many smaller branches (arterioles) which lead to capillaries

56
Q

Capillaries are ____ ____

A

microscopic vessels

57
Q

What are arterioles?

A

The finest, microscopic branches of the arterial tree

58
Q

Describe the structure of capillaries

A

They branch off from metarterioles and rejoin them, and also interconnect with one another

59
Q

Describe what happens when a tissue is inactive

A

Sphincters are closed, only its metarterioles are open.

60
Q

Describe what happens when a tissue is active

A

Sphincters are open, decreased oxygen tension in the tissue relaxes the precapillary sphincters, and the capillaries open.

61
Q

What does the opening of capillaries in active tissue do?

A

It increases the blood supply and thus the delivery of nutrients and oxygen to the active tissue.

62
Q

What happens to fluid that doesn’t return to capillaries?

A

Fluid that does not return to capillaries is returned to circulation by the lymphatic system

63
Q

Where does lymph return to circulation?

A

The subclavian vein

64
Q

What do semilunar valves do?

A

Control exits from the heart

65
Q

What do atrioventricular valves do?

A

Prevent blood from flowing backward from ventricles into atria

66
Q

How are atrioventricular valves attached?

A

They’re held in place by chordae tendineae attached to papillary muscles

67
Q

What do purkinje fibers do?

A

They form and conduct impulses to the muscle fibers of both ventricles, causing ventricles to contract

68
Q

What is the period of contraction of the heart called?

A

Systole

69
Q

What is the period of relaxation of the heart called?

A

Diastole

70
Q

What is Starling’s law of the heart?

A

If veins deliver more blood to the heart, the heart pumps more blood into the arteries. Increased venous return stretches the cardiac muscle fibers more and they contract with greater force, increasing stroke volume

71
Q

The volume of blood one ventricle pumps during one beat depends on mainly what?

A

The amount of blood veins deliver to the heart

72
Q

Define blood pressure

A

The force exerted by the blood against the inner walls of the blood vessels

73
Q

What factors determine blood pressure?

A

CO2, blood volume, and resistance to blood flow

74
Q

When does blood pressure decrease?

A

As blood flows away from the heart – by the time blood enters the veins, its pressure is very low

75
Q

What is the aorta?

A

The largest artery

76
Q

What 3 things make up the lymphatic system?

A

Lymph, an extensive network of lymphatic vessels, and lymph tissue

77
Q

What is lymph?

A

Fluid formed from interstitial fluid

78
Q

What is lymph tissue?

A

Connective tissue with large numbers of lymphocytes

79
Q

What is lymph tissue organized into?

A

Lymph nodes and lymph nodules

80
Q

What organs consist mainly of lymph tissue?

A

Tonsils, thymus gland, and spleen

81
Q

What is net filtration pressure in regards to the lymphatic system?

A

The tendency for plasma to leave blood at the arterial end of a capillary and enter interstitial fluid

82
Q

What is interstitial fluid regarding the lymphatic system?

A

Contains no red blood cells, platelets, or large proteins, only a few white blood cells and smaller molecules dissolved in the plasma (glucose, amino acids, and other nutrients; a variety of salts; and oxygen needed by the cells)

83
Q

What is the main force of net filtration pressure?

A

Hydrostatic pressure, augmented by the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid

Biology 1130 (12 decks)

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