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Biology 1130 > First Exam > Flashcards

First Exam Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Binding of the _______ _______ causes enzymatic activity on the intracellular side of enzyme linked receptors

A

Signaling molecule

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2
Q

What is a transmembrane protein with a binding site for the signaling molecule outside the cell called?

A

An enzyme-linked receptor

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3
Q

What is the active site of an enzymatic reaction?

A

A combination of binding and lowering activation energy

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4
Q

Endocrine cell signaling is typically carried through ________

A

The bloodstream

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5
Q

Are cofactors organic or inorganic?

A

Inorganic

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6
Q

_____ change the receptor’s shape (and function) which sends a message throughout the membrane

A

Ligands

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7
Q

What causes enzymatic activity on the intracellular side of enzyme linked receptors?

A

Binding of the signaling molecule

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8
Q

Ion channels are __________

A

A type of surface receptor

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9
Q

What’s the difference between cofactors and coenzymes?

A

Cofactors are inorganic, coenzymes are organic biomolecules

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10
Q

Neural and synaptic signals are an example of ______ signaling

A

Paracrine

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11
Q

What are examples of paracrine signaling?

A

Neural and synaptic signals

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12
Q

What type of signaling targets far away cells?

A

Endocrine

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13
Q

Where are ion channels found?

A

In the plasma membrane

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14
Q

Describe the second domain of surface receptors

A

It extends through the plasma membrane

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15
Q

What type of signaling often doesn’t have to go through the cell membrane?

A

Gap junctions

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16
Q

_____ is a chemical substance that binds to a receptor

A

Ligands

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17
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Protein catalysts that speed up reactions by lowering the required activation energy

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18
Q

When is ATP considered free energy?

A

When the bond is broken

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19
Q

What do noncompetitive inhibitors do?

A

They bind to the enzyme at a different location, causing a slower reaction rate

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20
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

A connection between two cells where direct cytoplasm exchange can occur; a special type of paracrine signaling

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21
Q

What does autocrine cell signaling affect?

A

Itself, and in some cases other nearby cells

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22
Q

What is GDP diphosphate?

A

Used up energy

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23
Q

What is a docking site for signaling molecules?

A

The external domain of surface receptors

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24
Q

____ signaling can remind a cell to __________________

A

Autocrine signaling can remind a cell as to what to develop into

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25
Q

What’s an example of a positive metabolic feedback loop?

A

Breastfeeding

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26
Q

What typically provides the energy for endergonic reactions?

A

ATP

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27
Q

What happens when substrates bind the active sites of an enzyme?

A

There is a small change in shape to maximize

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28
Q

Describe the external domain of surface receptors

A

It’s a docking site for signaling molecules

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29
Q

Define surface receptors

A

Hydrophilic ligands bind on the surface of the cell

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30
Q

When are enzymes most effective?

A

When the temperature and pH are optimal

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31
Q

What is receptor up-regulation?

A

A regulation that increases the number of receptors synthesized and amplifies the signal molecule’s effect

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32
Q

_____ receptors bind to hydrophilic ligands, _____ receptors bind to hydrophobic ligands

A

Surface receptors bind to hydrophilic ligands, intracellular receptors bind to hydrophobic ligands

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33
Q

What do enzyme-linked receptors have inside the cell?

A

An enzyme component

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34
Q

What is the type of cellular respiration that requires oxygen where nutrients are catabolized to CO2 from H2O called?

A

Aerobic respiration

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35
Q

What type of cell signaling targets itself?

A

Autocrine

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36
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

A type of cellular respiration that requires oxygen where nutrients are catabolized to CO2 from H2O

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37
Q

Gap junctions are also called ______ _____ _____

A

Direct connection signaling

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38
Q

What are the 4 steps of the cell signaling process?

A

Transmission, reception, transduction, response

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39
Q

What is the first step of the cell signaling process?

A

Transmission

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40
Q

Each component in a transduction pathway acts as a _______ _____

A

Molecular switch

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41
Q

What is an acronym for the 4 steps of the cell signaling process?

A

TRTR

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42
Q

What is an example of a direct connection?

A

Desmosomes

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43
Q

Cells extract energy from food to generate ATP in a processes called glucose catabolism, also known as _____ _______

A

Cellular respiration

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44
Q

What is a combination of binding and lowering activation energy called?

A

The active site

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45
Q

What domain of surface receptors extends through the cytoplasm and transmits the signal inside the cell?

A

The third domain/ the tail

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46
Q

Which is more common; positive or negative feedback loops?

A

Negative feedback loops

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47
Q

What are coenzymes?

A

Organic biomolecules

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48
Q

What is the second step of the cell signaling process?

A

Reception

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49
Q

What’s an example of a receptor being activated and triggering the synthesis of a secondary messenger?

A

G-protein and cyclic AMP (cAMP)

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50
Q

What is necessary to maintain homeostasis?

A

Communication

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51
Q

What type of reaction is spontaneous, exergonic or endergonic?

A

Exergonic

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52
Q

What is disorder and chaos called?

A

Entropy (S)

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53
Q

Energy transfers aren’t ______ ______

A

Completely efficient

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54
Q

Living systems are ______ systems

A

Open systems

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55
Q

What are the three classes of surface receptors?

A

Ion channels, enzyme linked receptors, and g-proteins

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56
Q

What converts chemical signals into electrical signals?

A

Ion channels

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57
Q

What is enthalpy?

A

The total energy in a system

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58
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

The law of conservation of energy; that energy cannot be created nor destroyed

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59
Q

What does the end product of a metabolic pathway do?

A

It influences the rate or progression of the pathway itself

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60
Q

What is the third domain of surface receptors?

A

The tail

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61
Q

What binds to an enzyme at a different location, causing a slower reaction rate?

A

Noncompetitive inhibitors

62
Q

Is endocrine signaling fast or slow?

A

Slow

63
Q

What do molecular switches do?

A

They relay signals, and can also amplify them

64
Q

What must happen in order to transmit a new signal?

A

Every activated molecule in a transduction/ signaling pathway must be inactivated in order to transmit a new signal

65
Q

What do ligands change?

A

The receptor’s shape/function

66
Q

Are spontaneous reactions fast or slow?

A

Slow

67
Q

What is glucose catabolism?

A

Cellular respiration

68
Q

What is a characteristic of reception?

A

It’s a highly specific process

69
Q

What does an endergonic reaction look like regarding free energy?

A

🔺G < 0

70
Q

What type of signaling is organism-wide systemic signaling?

A

Endocrine signaling

71
Q

What type of cell signaling is important after differentiation?

A

Autocrine signaling

72
Q

What are enzyme linked receptors?

A

A transmembrane protein with a binding site for the signaling molecule outside the cell

73
Q

What does the third domain/tail of surface receptors do?

A

It extends through the cytoplasm and transmits the signal inside the cell

74
Q

What two things do ion channels do?

A

They open or close in response to the binding of a ligand, and they convert chemical signals into electrical signals

75
Q

What are examples of coenzymes?

A

Vitamins and electron carriers

76
Q

Define cells

A

The smallest living unit of life

77
Q

Free energy is gained in what type of reaction?

A

Endergonic

78
Q

Some enzymes require one or more _____ or ______ to function

A

Cofactors or coenzymes

79
Q

What is the total energy in a system?

A

Enthalpy (H)

80
Q

What are redox reactions?

A

Coupled oxidation reduction reactions

81
Q

What positions two substrates so they align perfectly for a reaction?

A

Enzymes

82
Q

What is entropy?

A

Disorder and chaos (S)

83
Q

Enzyme linked receptors are ___________

A

A type of surface receptor

84
Q

What reminds a cell what to develop into?

A

Autocrine cell signaling

85
Q

What are the three categories of responses?

A

Ion channels open or close, enzyme activity is altered, or specific gene activity is turned on or off

86
Q

Where is the enzyme component of enzyme-linked receptors found?

A

Inside the cell

87
Q

What type of cell signaling can work as a reminder?

A

Autocrine

88
Q

What does an exergonic reaction look like regarding free energy?

A

🔺G > 0

89
Q

What can change or be present at different times in the development of cells?

A

Receptor types

90
Q

What contorts or stresses a substrate so it’s less static and more likely to react?

A

Enzymes

91
Q

Desmosomes are ______ _________

A

Direct connections

92
Q

Activation of _______ can trigger the synthesis of small molecules called secondary messengers

A

receptors

93
Q

Molecular switches are found in what?

A

Transduction

94
Q

Name a type of specialized ligand

A

Hormones

95
Q

What are competitive inhibitors?

A

Molecules that are a similar shape to the substrate, competing with the substrate for the active site

96
Q

Gap junctions are a special type of _____ ______

A

Paracrine signaling

97
Q

Why is reception a highly specific process?

A

Because only target cells have specific receptors to pick up those particular signals

98
Q

What is free energy?

A

The amount of energy available to do work (G)

99
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

They work as catalysts by lowering the activation energy of a reaction to speed it up

100
Q

What is GTP triphosphate?

A

A molecule that has a lot of energy

101
Q

What’s a characteristic of receptor types?

A

They can change or be present at different times in the development of cells

102
Q

________ is a connection between two cells where direct cytoplasm exchange can occur

A

Gap junctions

103
Q

What is transduction?

A

When a signal is relayed through a sequence of molecules

104
Q

What are secondary messengers?

A

Small molecules synthesized by the activation of receptors

105
Q

What type of receptor has 3 domains?

A

Surface receptors

106
Q

What is also known as ligand-gated channels?

A

Ion channels

107
Q

What happens through the release of chemical signals?

A

Communication

108
Q

What are the two types of metabolic feedback loops?

A

Positive and negative feedback

109
Q

What type of cell signaling is slower and longer lasting?

A

Endocrine

110
Q

What does cellular respiration do? (Basic explanation)

A

Convert food to ATP

111
Q

How do cells drive endergonic reactions?

A

By coupling them with exergonic reactions

112
Q

How does communication between cells happen?

A

Through the release of chemical signals

113
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

Adding phosphorus with changes protein shape and function

114
Q

What is the smallest living unit of life?

A

Cells

115
Q

What is important to remember when considering intracellular reception?

A

Phospholipid bilayer composition

116
Q

Define intracellular receptors

A

Hydrophobic ligands can enter the cell and bind to intracellular receptors

117
Q

What is the fourth step of the cell signaling process?

A

Reception

118
Q

What are molecules that are a similar shape to the substrate and compete with the substrate for the active site called?

A

Competitive inhibitors

119
Q

What is a special type of paracrine signaling?

A

Gap junctions

120
Q

What are ligands?

A

A chemical substance that binds to a receptor

121
Q

Free energy is released in what type of reaction?

A

In an exergonic reaction

122
Q

What are chemical reactions where electrons are transferred from one molecule to another called?

A

Redox reactions

123
Q

What uses gap junction signaling?

A

Cardiac muscle

124
Q

What is the third step of the cell signaling process?

A

Transduction

125
Q

What domain of surface receptors extends through the plasma membrane?

A

The second domain

126
Q

What are the three domains of surface receptors?

A

External, second, and tail

127
Q

What is required for enzymes?

A

Cofactors

128
Q

How can the amount of activation energy be lowered?

A

By catalysts

129
Q

What type of cell signaling is typically carried far across the body through the bloodstream?

A

Endocrine cell signaling

130
Q

How do cells regulate enzymes/ what affects enzymatic activity?

A

By modifying temperature/pH, producing molecules that inhibit or promote enzyme function, or availability of coenzymes or cofactors

131
Q

What type of signaling targets nearby cells?

A

Paracrine

132
Q

What are the two main types of receptors?

A

Surface and intracellular

133
Q

What do allosteric enzymes do?

A

They change their confirmation upon binding to an effector, which results in an apparent change in binding affinity at a different ligand binding site?

134
Q

What is Gibbs free energy equation?

A

🔺G = (🔺H)-T🔺S

135
Q

How can cells help control their environment and meet needs?

A

By regulating enzymatic activity, they can adjust temperature or pH

136
Q

Energy is needed for what type of reaction?

A

Endergonic

137
Q

What are coupled oxidation reduction reactions?

A

Redox reactions

138
Q

G-proteins are __________

A

A type of surface receptor

139
Q

Define activation energy

A

The energy required for a reaction to proceed

140
Q

What do cofactors and coenzymes do?

A

They help enzymes do the job

141
Q

What type of signaling is used by tumors? What does it cause?

A

Paracrine signaling is used by rumors to cause neighboring cells to have the same growth problem

142
Q

What type of cell signaling is typically hormones?

A

Endocrine

143
Q

How are molecular switches usually regulated?

A

By the addition or removal of phosphate groups

144
Q

What is another name for cellular respiration?

A

Glucose catabolism

145
Q

What are hormones?

A

Specialized ligands

146
Q

What is something nearly all cells have?

A

Receptors

147
Q

What is receptor down-regulation?

A

A regulation that involves transporting receptors to lysosomes that destroy them

148
Q

Enzymes work as ______

A

Catalysts

149
Q

What are ion channels also called?

A

Ligand-gated channels

150
Q

How do enzymes lower activation energy?

A

By either: positioning the two substrates so they align perfectly, providing optimal pH, contorting or stressing the substrate so it’s more likely to react, or temporarily reacting with the substrate

151
Q

Any chemical diffusion is considered _____ signaling

A

Paracrine

Biology 1130 (12 decks)

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