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Biology 1130 > Osmoregulatory and Excretory system > Flashcards

Osmoregulatory and Excretory system Flashcards

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1
Q

What Two processes help maintain fluid and electrolyte (salt) homeostasis in animals?

A

Osmoregulation and excretion

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2
Q

What challenge do marine animals have in regard to water?

A

Osmotic water loss

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3
Q

What challenge do freshwater animals have in regard to water?

A

Osmotic water gain

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4
Q

What challenge do terrestrial animals have in regard to water?

A

Desiccation (drying out)

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5
Q

What do electrolytes form in solution?

A

Ions

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6
Q

What are osmoconformers?

A

No regulation of osmolarity; their internal environment is osmotic in relation to the external environment.

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7
Q

What are osmoregulators?

A

They tightly regulate their body osmolarity, maintaining constant internal conditions.

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8
Q

What are the pros and cons of being an osmoconformer?

A

Restricted to certain environments, but expend less energy on osmoregulation.

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9
Q

What is the con of being an osmoregulator?

A

Energy

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10
Q

Define osmolarity

A

A measure of the number of osmoles of solute per liter of solution

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11
Q

What are the principal metabolic waste products?

A

Water, carbon dioxide, and nitrogenous wastes (ammonia, uric acid, urea)

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12
Q

What does extracellular fluid include?

A

Interstitial fluid, lymph, and blood plasma (or hemolymph)

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13
Q

Define osmotic pressure

A

The pressure that must be exerted on the hypertonic side of the membrane to prevent net movement of water from the hypotonic side

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14
Q

What do excretory systems do?

A

Help maintain fluid and electrolyte homeostasis by selectively adjusting the concentrations of salts and other substances in blood and body fluids

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15
Q

Marine invertebrates are ____

A

osmoconformers

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16
Q

Costal marine animals are ____

A

osmoregulators

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17
Q

What do nephridial organs do?

A

Function in osmoregulation and excretion in many invertebrates

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18
Q

What makes up nephridial organs?

A

Each nephridial organ consists of simple or branching tubes that open to the outside of the body through nephridiopores

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19
Q

What are the two types of nephridial organs?

A

Protonephridia and metanephridia

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20
Q

The main osmoregulatory and excretory organ in most vertebrates is the _____

A

kidney

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21
Q

Gills excrete what?

A

Ammonia

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22
Q

Sweat glands can excrete what percent of metabolic wastes?

A

5% to 10% of all metabolic wastes

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23
Q

Birds and mammals have a high rate of ____ and produce a large volume of ____ _____.

A

Birds and mammals have a high rate of metabolism and produce a large volume of nitrogenous wastes

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24
Q

Birds excrete ____ ___, mammals excrete ____

A

Birds excrete uric acid, mammals excrete urea

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25
Q

What does skin do in regards to the excretory system?

A

Reptiles, birds, and mammals have skin that minimizes water loss, and many excrete urea or uric acid

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26
Q

What does the urinary system consist of?

A

Kidneys, urinary bladder, and associated ducts

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27
Q

What is micturition?

A

When urine is released from the bladder and flows out of the body through the urethra

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28
Q

Describe where urine is created and where it goes from there

A

Urine is produced in kidneys and flows through a ureter to the urinary bladder, then out the urethra

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29
Q

What covers each kidney?

A

A connective tissue capsule

30
Q

What is the outer portion of the kidney called?

A

Renal cortex

31
Q

What is the inner portion of the kidney called?

A

Renal medulla

32
Q

What does the renal medulla contain?

A

8 - 10 cone-shaped renal pyramids

33
Q

What is the type of each pyramid in the renal medulla called?

A

A renal papilla

34
Q

What does each renal papilla have?

A

Several pores, the openings of collecting ducts

35
Q

How does urine flow through the kidney?

A

Urine flows from collecting ducts through a renal papilla and into the renal pelvis

36
Q

What is a nephron?

A

A functional unit of the kidney

37
Q

What do the kidneys produce?

A

Renin and erythropoietin

38
Q

What does erythropoietin do?

A

Stimulates RBC production

39
Q

What does the nephron consist of?

A

A cuplike Bowman’s capsule connected to a long, coiled renal tubule

40
Q

What is within the Bowman’s capsule?

A

A cluster of capillaries called a glomerulus

41
Q

What are the three main regions of the renal tubule?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule

42
Q

How is blood delivered to the kidneys?

A

Through the renal artery

43
Q

Afferent arterioles conduct blood into what?

A

Capillaries of a glomerulus

44
Q

As blood flows through glomerulus what happens?

A

Some plasma is forced into Bowman’s capsule

45
Q

Where does blood flowing from the glomerular capillaries go?

A

Into an efferent arteriole

46
Q

Where does blood go after the efferent arteriole?

A

Efferent arterioles deliver blood to peritubular capillaries which return materials to the blood, which flows in small veins to the renal vein

47
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular

apparatus?

A

A small group of cells located in the walls of the tubule and arterioles near the Bowman’s capsule

48
Q

What are the two types of nephrons in the kidney?

A

Juxtamedullary and cortical

49
Q

What are cortical nephrons?

A

They’re more numerous, more superficial, have relatively small glomeruli, and are located almost entirely within the cortex or outer medulla

50
Q

What are juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

They’re more internal, have large glomeruli, and long loops of Henle that extend deep into the medulla

51
Q

What does the loop of Henle consist of?

A

A descending limb and an ascending limb

52
Q

What does the descending limb of the loop of Henle do?

A

It receives filtrate from the proximal tubule

53
Q

What does the ascending limb of the loop of Henle do?

A

It’s where filtrate passes to the distal tubule

54
Q

Urine is produced by what three processes?

A

Filtration, reabsorption, tubular secretion

55
Q

Blood flows through glomerular capillaries under high pressure, forcing more than ____% of the plasma out of capillaries and into Bowman’s capsule

A

10%

56
Q

What forms the filtration membrane?

A

The porous walls of the glomerular capillaries and the filtration slits between podocytes

57
Q

What does the filtration membrane do?

A

It’s highly permeable to water, small molecules, and ions but restricts the passage of blood cells and large molecules.

58
Q

What permits precise regulation of blood chemistry by the kidneys?

A

Reabsorption by renal tubules

59
Q

What is returned to the blood by the kidneys?

A

Needed substances such as water, salt, glucose and amino acids are returned to the blood

60
Q

What things remain in the filtrate and are excreted as urine?

A

Wastes, excess salts, and other materials

61
Q

~___% of the filtrate is actively reabsorbed as it passes through the proximal tubule

A

~65%

62
Q

What things are completely reabsorbed by the proximal tubule?

A

Glucose, amino acids, vitamins, and other substances of nutritional value

63
Q

What things are partially reabsorbed by the proximal tubule?

A

Many ions, including sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, and potassium

64
Q

Where does reabsorption continue after the proximal tubule?

A

Through the loop of Henle, the distal tubule, and the collecting duct

65
Q

What is the tubular transport maximum?

A

Maximum rate at which a substance can be reabsorbed

66
Q

What are the general regions of glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion?

A

The glomerulus filters blood. As the glomerular filtrate moves through the renal tubule, its composition is adjusted by selective reabsorption and tubular secretion. The adjusted filtrate is urine.

67
Q

Define tubular secretion

A

The selective transfer of substances from blood in the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubule

68
Q

What happens when blood becomes too acidic?

A

Collecting ducts secrete more H+ into the urine

69
Q

What are 4 examples of hormones involved in the regulation of kidney function?

A

Antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, angiotensin II, and atrial natriuretic peptide

70
Q

Explain how the release of antidiuretic hormone occurs

A

Receptors in hypothalamus sense osmotic changes in blood due to dehydration, signaling the posterior pituitary lobe to release antidiuretic hormone

71
Q

What produces Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)?

A

The heart

72
Q

What does ANP do?

A

Increases Na+ excretion; decreases blood pressure

Biology 1130 (12 decks)

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