Seafood Hygiene and Food Preservation

Question 1

What is the definition of seafood?

Answer 1

Fish means fresh or saltwater finfish, crustaceans, other forms of aquatic life other than birds or mammals, and all mollusks, where such animal life is intended for human consumption.

Question 2

Who makes the regulations for seafood?

Answer 2

the FDA.

Question 3

Do USA seafood plants require HACCOP?

Answer 3

Yes.

Question 4

Who handles the voluntary seafood inspection program?

Answer 4

Dept of Commerce (NOAA)

Question 5

VSIP stands for what?

Answer 5

Voluntary seafood inspection program. It inspects seafood for quality and sanitation.

Question 6

What are some issues with seafood?

Answer 6

deterioration and health risks (parasites, infectious dz, parasites, natural toxins, etc.)

Question 7

Who is the reservoir for vibrio vulnificus and parahaemolyticus? How is it transmitted?

Answer 7

reservoir: coastal waters. Transmission: vehicle (raw or undercooked) or direct (swimming in contaminated water with a wound)

Question 8

What are the clinical signs of vibrio vulnificus and parahaemolyticus? When is this dz more common?

Answer 8

diarrhea, cramps, vomiting, fever. dz due to toxin production. Common in summers, when there are warm waters.

Question 9

Who are the intermediate hosts of D. latum?

Answer 9

trout, perch, salmon, pike. The larvae migrates from the smaller fish to the muscle of the larger fish that ate it.

Question 10

Who are the definitive hosts of D. latum?

Answer 10

mammalians (bears, humans, canids, felids, bears, etc.)

Question 11

T/F: D. latum is the largest human tapeworm but only produces minor bloating and anemia

Answer 11

True.

Question 12

How is it transmitted?

Answer 12

by eating raw fish.

Question 13

Who is the intermediate host for Anisakis?

Answer 13

crustaceans, eaten by fish or squid.

Question 14

Who is the definitive host for anisakis?

Answer 14

marine mammals, humans

Question 15

What are the clinical signs of Anisakis?

Answer 15

tingling in throat, coughing up worms, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, appendicitis like symptoms.

Question 16

T/F: The worm load with Anisakis can be pretty severe.

Answer 16

False. Usually only 1 worm/person

Question 17

How does one get Anisakis?

Answer 17

raw infected fist. cook or freeze it to prevent it.

Question 18

Where is Gnathostoma spinigerum found?

Answer 18

SE Asia. Get it by eating raw fresh water fish or drinking contaminated water.

Question 19

Where is Capillaria philippnensis found?

Answer 19

SE Asia. Get it by eating raw freshwater fish, drinking contaminated water, or autoinfection.

Question 20

How does one get fish borne trematodes?

Answer 20

freshwater fish, mollusks, or crabs.

Question 21

Who are the intermediate hosts for fish trematodes?

Answer 21

snails or molluscs (1st) and then fish.

Question 22

Who are the 2 liver flukes?

Answer 22

Pisthorcus and Clonorcus

Question 23

Clinical signs of fish liver flukes?

Answer 23

liver damage clinical signs. Can lead to cirrhosis or carcinoma

Question 24

What genera of lung flukes are we concerned with?

Answer 24

Paragonimus

Question 25

What are the clinical signs of paragonimus?

Answer 25

coughing, chest pain, fever, coughing up blood. Can resolve w/o tx.

Question 26

What genera of intestinal flukes are we concerned with?

Answer 26

Metagonimus, Heterophyidae, and Echinostomatidae.

Question 27

How are intestinal flukes transmitted?

Answer 27

eating raw/undercooked fresh or brackish water fish, bivalves, molluscs, and oysters.

Question 28

What are the CS of intestinal flukes?

Answer 28

abdominal pain, diarrhea, lethargy, weight loss, fever, and malabsorption.

Question 29

Scombrotoxin is the toxin of what? It is also known as what?

Answer 29

spoilage and poor storage (warm temp). aka Histamine Fish Poisoning.

Question 30

What are the vehicles for scombrotoxin? What are the clinical signs?

Answer 30

Vehicle: tuna, mackerel, bonito, mahi mahi, marlin, and bluefish. Clinical signs: sudden onset (2min-2hrs) of burning, swelling of mouth, mausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, pruritis, rash, and abdominal cramps.

Question 31

Tetrodotoxin is also known as what? What is the toxin?

Answer 31

Pufferfish poisoning. Toxin: vasopressor and neurotoxin only by pufferfish.

Question 32

What are clinical signs for tetrodotoxin?

Answer 32

muscle paralysis. Victim is fully conscious and dies of asphyxiation.

Question 33

How does one get cigatuera poisoning?

Answer 33

by eating grouper, red snapper, and barracuda (and many others)

Question 34

What are the clinical signs of ciguatera poisoning?

Answer 34

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, colic, sometimes neurological signs, rarely fatal.

Question 35

T/F: it is easy to prevent getting this toxin, as the fish appears sick, and all you have to do is cook it.

Answer 35

False. Fish appear healthy, and you can’t cook it out

Question 36

The neurotoxin in shellfish poisoning is produced by what?

Answer 36

By a dinoflagellate.

Question 37

Where do you find the shellfish toxin?

Answer 37

in oysters, clams, and mussels.

Question 38

What are the clinical signs of neurotoxic shellfish poisoning?

Answer 38

numbness, tingling in the mouth, arms, and legs, incoordination, and GI upset.

Question 39

What produces the toxin in amnesic shellfish poisoning?

Answer 39

domoic acide produced by a diatom.

Question 40

What are the clinical signs of amnesic shellfish poisoning?

Answer 40

GI symptoms, dizziness, headache, disorientation, and permanent short term memory loss, dementia, occasionally death.

Question 41

What are the chemical contaminants we care about?

Answer 41

methylmercury and pesticides/other contaminants of water.

Question 42

Where is methylmercury the highest in concentration?

Answer 42

in oily or predatory fish.

Question 43

T/F: if you get methylmercury poisoning, you’ll know right away.

Answer 43

False. May take weeks-years b4 clinical signs appear.