Milk and Water

Question 1

Brucella and coxiella are _____ bioterrorism agents.

Answer 1

category B

Question 2

What are some classically milk-borne bacteria?

Answer 2

Brucella spp., coxiella burnetii, and Mycobacterium bovis

Question 3

Modern pasteurization is based on what pathogen?

Answer 3

Coxiella burnetii

Question 4

T/F: humans can be contaminated with classic milk pathogens in ways other than through the milk.

Answer 4

True.

Can be percutaneous or through mucous membranes coming into contact with infectious fluids, and can also be through aerosol.

Question 5

What is the resulting disease if M. bovis is transmitted via the aerosol route?

Answer 5

respiratory TB that can’t be differentiated from M. tuberculosis unless a culture is done.

Question 6

How is M. bovis controlled?

Answer 6

test and slaughter methods. If they test positive they have to be culled. Also by pasteurization of milk.

Question 7

Does pasteurization of the milk protect everyone?

Answer 7

No. It doesn’t protect those that are in direct contact with the cows, only the bulk of the population.

Question 8

Disease with this infection is also known as undulant fever or Malta fever. It can cause abortions.

Answer 8

Brucella spp (Brucellosis)

Question 9

Which brucella species is the most pathogenic in people? Which other species should you also be worried about?

Answer 9

B melitensis is the most pathogenic, while B. abortus is another to worry about.

Question 10

How is Brucella transmitted?

Answer 10

ingestion, mucous membrane exposure, or percutaneous inoculation with contaminated fluids (blood, urine, semen, aborted placenta, etc.)

Question 11

How is Brucella controlled?

Answer 11

test and slaughter methods, vaccines in high risk areas, pasteurize milk and cheeses.

Question 12

T/F: Coxiella burnetii affects ALL dairy species.

Answer 12

TRUE.

Question 13

Is there an eradication program for C. burnetii?

Answer 13

Nope. Just gotta pasteurize milk.

Question 14

T/F: Coxiella burnetti is extremely infections through aerosol exposure.

Answer 14

True.

Can also be spread via percutaneous and mucous membrane exposure.

Question 15

What are some issues faced when attempting to control bacterial infections?

Answer 15

wildlife reservoirs, compliance of owners, and the cost.

Question 16

T/F: cryptosporidium and giardia can only survive a couple of weeks in water under good conditions.

Answer 16

False. They can survive for MONTHS.

Question 17

T/F: the best way to kill crypto and giardia is to use chlorine to disinfect.

Answer 17

False. have to purify the water.

Question 18

Cryptosporidium ____ has cattle as the reservoir, and ____ is spread human-human.

Answer 18

C. parvum - cows are reservoirs but is zoonotic. C. hominis - human to human.

Question 19

10-20% of cattle Giardia is which type? Dogs and cats are affected with what type(s)?

Answer 19

cattle - type A. dogs and cats - type A or B

Question 20

How serious are Crypto infections in humans?

Answer 20

Usually mild, with just some diarrhea.

Question 21

T/F: giardia causes acute and severe GI infections.

Answer 21

False. They are chronic intestinal infections, and the shedding is intermittent.

Question 22

How long can animals shed lepto in their urine?

Answer 22

> 1 year.

Question 23

Where does lepto survive best?

Answer 23

warm freshwater or mud. Summer outbreaks are common.

Question 24

Can trematodes infect percutaneously?

Answer 24

Yes. accidental hosts can be infected in this manner.

Question 25

What is swimmer’s itch?

Answer 25

skin invasion of the aquatic stage of bird trematodes. Can result in skin lesions in humans.

Question 26

Can humans become infected with Fasciola spp. by eating liver infected with Fasciola?

Answer 26

NO. they become infected by eating veggies contaminated with the metacercariae.

Question 27

What bacteria cause bovine abortion and are zoonotic?

Answer 27

B. abortus, Leptospira, Coxiella burnetii, and listeria monocytogenes.