Milk and Water Flashcards
Brucella and coxiella are _____ bioterrorism agents.
category B
What are some classically milk-borne bacteria?
Brucella spp., coxiella burnetii, and Mycobacterium bovis
Modern pasteurization is based on what pathogen?
Coxiella burnetii
T/F: humans can be contaminated with classic milk pathogens in ways other than through the milk.
True.
Can be percutaneous or through mucous membranes coming into contact with infectious fluids, and can also be through aerosol.
What is the resulting disease if M. bovis is transmitted via the aerosol route?
respiratory TB that can’t be differentiated from M. tuberculosis unless a culture is done.
How is M. bovis controlled?
test and slaughter methods. If they test positive they have to be culled. Also by pasteurization of milk.
Does pasteurization of the milk protect everyone?
No. It doesn’t protect those that are in direct contact with the cows, only the bulk of the population.
Disease with this infection is also known as undulant fever or Malta fever. It can cause abortions.
Brucella spp (Brucellosis)
Which brucella species is the most pathogenic in people? Which other species should you also be worried about?
B melitensis is the most pathogenic, while B. abortus is another to worry about.
How is Brucella transmitted?
ingestion, mucous membrane exposure, or percutaneous inoculation with contaminated fluids (blood, urine, semen, aborted placenta, etc.)
How is Brucella controlled?
test and slaughter methods, vaccines in high risk areas, pasteurize milk and cheeses.
T/F: Coxiella burnetii affects ALL dairy species.
TRUE.
Is there an eradication program for C. burnetii?
Nope. Just gotta pasteurize milk.
T/F: Coxiella burnetti is extremely infections through aerosol exposure.
True.
Can also be spread via percutaneous and mucous membrane exposure.
What are some issues faced when attempting to control bacterial infections?
wildlife reservoirs, compliance of owners, and the cost.
T/F: cryptosporidium and giardia can only survive a couple of weeks in water under good conditions.
False. They can survive for MONTHS.
T/F: the best way to kill crypto and giardia is to use chlorine to disinfect.
False. have to purify the water.
Cryptosporidium ____ has cattle as the reservoir, and ____ is spread human-human.
C. parvum - cows are reservoirs but is zoonotic. C. hominis - human to human.
10-20% of cattle Giardia is which type? Dogs and cats are affected with what type(s)?
cattle - type A. dogs and cats - type A or B
How serious are Crypto infections in humans?
Usually mild, with just some diarrhea.
T/F: giardia causes acute and severe GI infections.
False. They are chronic intestinal infections, and the shedding is intermittent.
How long can animals shed lepto in their urine?
> 1 year.
Where does lepto survive best?
warm freshwater or mud. Summer outbreaks are common.
Can trematodes infect percutaneously?
Yes. accidental hosts can be infected in this manner.
What is swimmer’s itch?
skin invasion of the aquatic stage of bird trematodes. Can result in skin lesions in humans.
Can humans become infected with Fasciola spp. by eating liver infected with Fasciola?
NO. they become infected by eating veggies contaminated with the metacercariae.
What bacteria cause bovine abortion and are zoonotic?
B. abortus, Leptospira, Coxiella burnetii, and listeria monocytogenes.
