Epidemic Curves and Determinants of Disease

Question 1

What is the difference between the latent period and the incubation period?

Answer 1

In the latent period, the microbe is replicating but not enough for the host to be infectious. In the incubation period the microbe is replicating but the animal is not symptomatic yet.

Question 2

What is an infectious disease?

Answer 2

disease caused by the invasion and multiplication of a living agent in/on a host.

Question 3

What is the difference between contagious and communicable diseases?

Answer 3

A contagious disease is transmissible from one human/animal to another human/animal via direct or airborne routes, while a communicable disease is caused by an agent that is transmissible from an infected person, animal, plant, or inanimate reservoir.

Question 4

What is an infestation?

Answer 4

invasion, but not multiplication of an organism in/on a host.

Question 5

What do epidemic curves represent?

Answer 5

represent the number of new cases of disease, over time.

Question 6

What can epidemic curves tell you?

Answer 6

The most probable source of an outbreak, if the pathogen is contagious, if the outbreak is ending or will continue, incubation period of the pathogen, and about outliers.

Question 7

What type of curve is this and what does it tell you?

Answer 7

It is a propagated source curve. It shows that the disease is contagious. Know this because the exposure is followed by “waves” that get taller.

Question 8

What does this epidemic curve tell you?

Answer 8

Single point exposure. All animals were exposed at once to the same source. Not contagious. Can determine the min, average, and max incubation time.

Question 9

What does this epidemic curve tell you and how do you ID it?

Answer 9

It is a common source w/ intermittent exposure curve. Animals were exposed to the same source at different times. ID this one by ruling out the others. Incubation period is not clearly shown.

Question 10

What does the shape of the epidemiological curve depend on?

Answer 10

Host, agent, and environment.

Question 11

How do you recognize an endemic area?

Answer 11

Endemic curves usually have stability. They are relatively stable, resulting in little fluctuation in disease incidence over time. New cases occur at regular, usually low, levels.

Question 12

What are determinants?

Answer 12

factors that help determine the probability, distribution, or severity of a disease in an animal or population of animals.

Question 13

Does disease occur randomly in populations?

Answer 13

NO.

Question 14

What are some determinants?

Answer 14

social, economic, physical environment, person/animal individual characteristics, behaviors, and genetics.

Question 15

What is a primary determinant?

Answer 15

a major contributing factor, usually a necessary one. Must always be present for disease to occur.

Question 16

What is a secondary determinant factor?

Answer 16

factors that make the disease more or less likely; predisposing or enabling factors.

Question 17

What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic factors? Which are easier to manage?

Answer 17

intinsic factors are internal to the animal, while extrinsic are external. Extrinsic factors are easier to modify.

Question 18

How can antimicrobial resistance be obtained?

Answer 18

de novo, through mutation, or via lateral transfer from another organism.

Question 19

What are some of the environmental determinants?

Answer 19

• demographics
• macroclimate
• microclimate
• housing and crowding
• diet
  
  • stress

Question 20

What type of diseases are entirely determined by genotype?

Answer 20

genetic diseases.

Question 21

Genetic susceptibilities are determined by what?

Answer 21

partially determined by genotype and partially by other factors.

Question 22

Is breed a primary or a secondary determinant?

Answer 22

secondary, Certain things may be more likely in certain breeds, but being a certain breed doesn’t guarantee you will get a dz.

Question 23

diet is a(n) ____ determinant while body condition score of an animal and their nutritional status is a(n) ____ determinant.

Answer 23

extrinsic; intrinsic

Question 24

giving a vaccine is what type of determinant (extrinsic/intrinsic)? the status of the bodies immunity is (extrinsic/intrinsic)

Answer 24

extrinsic; intrinsic

Question 25

What is her immunity?

Answer 25

the idea that infectious diseases can be contained if the population’s resistance to infection is high enough. Some non-immune individuals will probably still become infected.