SE 26 Flashcards
Introduction
Life-Course Perspective
-a p______m for understanding c_______y and c_____e across time and generations
Introduction
Life-Course Perspective
-a paradigm for understanding continuity and change
across time and generations
Life-Course Perspective
-key concepts in the study of the life course:
life events; t_________s; t_________s (pathways)
Life-Course Perspective
-key concepts in the study of the life course:
life events; transitions; trajectories (pathways)
Life-Course Perspective
-the study of social s______e combined with the
experience of i_______s over the life course
e.g., history, society and biography
Life-Course Perspective
-the study of social structure combined with the
experience of individuals over the life course
e.g., history, society and biography
Parenting and Social Change
2006: first year that unmarried couples without children outnumber married couples with children
Among same-sex couples, those who were married were more likely to have children than common-law couples
Parenting and Social Change
2006: first year that unmarried couples without children outnumber married couples with children
Among same-sex couples, those who were married were more likely to have children than common-law couples
Parenting and Social Change
2% of lesbian m______d couples were raising children
compared with 1% of lesbian c____n-law couples
Parenting and Social Change
25% of lesbian married couples were raising children
compared with 15% of lesbian common-law couples
Parenting and Social Change
5% of children under the age of 14 live with their g_________s (2011)
Parenting and Social Change
5% of children under the age of 14 live with their grandparents (2011)
Parenting and Social Change
_% of gay m____d couples were raising children compared with <2% of gay c____n-law couples
Parenting and Social Change
9% of gay married couples were raising children compared with <2% of gay common-law couples
Parenting and Social Change
Compared to mid-century:
-parents are o____r
_0% of children born to mother > _0 years old
Parenting and Social Change
Compared to mid-century:
-parents are older
50% of children born to mother > 30 years old
Parenting and Social Change
-Canadians having f____r children
—_ to < _ average
-more l__e-father families
although lone-mother families still more c____n
Parenting and Social Change
-Canadians having fewer children
—4 to < 2 average
-more lone-father families
although lone-mother families still more common
Neoliberalism
Limited S___e Intervention (1900)
Keynesian Economics
“W____e State”
19_0-19_0
1970- Neol_______m
Neoliberalism
Limited State Intervention (1900)
Keynesian Economics
“Welfare State”
1940-1970
1970- Neoliberalism
Neoliberalism
- Individual F_____s
- S___e activity in the economy
- Social Programs
Neoliberalism
- Individual Freedoms
- State activity in the economy
- Social Programs
Neoliberalism
- T______n
- Labour
- B_____s Friendliness
- Political Party Associations
Neoliberalism
- Taxation
- Labour
- Business Friendliness
- Political Party Associations
Neoliberal Discourse
Neoliberalism: current political philosophy;
emphasizes p__________n, d__________n, reduction
of welfare state through reduction in programs
and lowering of t___s
Neoliberal Discourse
Neoliberalism: current political philosophy;
emphasizes privatization, deregulation, reduction
of welfare state through reduction in programs
and lowering of taxes
Neoliberal Discourse
Examples of neoliberal discourse: •'from p\_\_\_\_\_y to perversity' •t\_\_\_\_\_y of the commons •individual r\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_y •criticism of the "nanny state"
Neoliberal Discourse Examples of neoliberal discourse: •'from poverty to perversity' •tragedy of the commons •individual responsibility •criticism of the "nanny state"
Social Programs
Compared to 19_0s, Canadian families have f___r social program
Social Programs
Compared to 1960s, Canadian families have fewer
Social Programs
Mothers/Family Allowance/Child Tax Benefit/National
Child Benefit
-became means-tested in 19_0s
Social Programs
Mothers/Family Allowance/Child Tax Benefit/National
Child Benefit
-became means-tested in 1980s
Social Programs
U__________t Insurance/E________t Insurance
- now based on h___s worked (19__)
- s______l and p__t-time workers don’t qualify
Social Programs
Unemployment Insurance/Employment Insurance
- now based on hours worked (1996)
- seasonal and part-time workers don’t qualify
Social Programs
Social Assistance/ Welfare (provincial program)
-meager provisions since 19__s
-often not enough money to provide s____r and f__d for families
-limited s_______d spaces in d______s for parents
wanting to return to work/school
Social Programs
Social Assistance/ Welfare (provincial program)
-meager provisions since 1990s
-often not enough money to provide shelter and food for families
-limited subsidized spaces in daycares for parents
wanting to return to work/school
Changes in the Organization of Work
Work is being r__________d in Canada:
- loss of u___n jobs
- loss of f__l-time jobs
Changes in the Organization of Work
Work is being restructured in Canada:
- loss of union jobs
- loss of full-time jobs
Changes in the Organization of Work
- loss of b______s
e. g., medical/dental, sick leave, pension - increase in p________s work -low pay, no security
Changes in the Organization of Work
- loss of benefits
e. g., medical/dental, sick leave, pension - increase in precarious work -low pay, no security
Pathways to the Event of Parenthood
The many pathways to parenthood:
•c________n with partner
•a______n
Pathways to the Event of Parenthood
The many pathways to parenthood:
•conception with partner
•adoption
Pathways to the Event of Parenthood
- artificial i__________n
- s_______y
- foster care
Pathways to the Event of Parenthood
- artificial insemination
- surrogacy
- foster care
Pathways to the Event of Parenthood
•In-Vitro F___________n (IV F)
•step-parenting
Pathways to the Event of Parenthood
•In-Vitro Fertilization (IV F)
•step-parenting
Motivation to Parent and Influencing Factors
The decision to parent is e__________y motivated
the achievement of a gendered self influences decision
-institutionalized h____________y
Many wait until education is complete and career is e____________d
Motivation to Parent and Influencing Factors
The decision to parent is emotionally motivated
the achievement of a gendered self influences decision
-institutionalized heterosexuality
Many wait until education is complete and career is established
Motivation to Parent and Influencing Factors
Social Programs
e.g., whether one qualifies for \_\_ benefits W\_\_\_\_\_\_\_e Policy e.g., sick leave if child is ill? S\_\_\_\_\_t System e.g., grandparents can help?
Motivation to Parent and Influencing Factors
Social Programs
e.g., whether one qualifies for UI benefits Workplace Policy e.g., sick leave if child is ill? Support System e.g., grandparents can help?
The Performance of Everyday Parenting
Factors that shape one’s overall life course influence
parenting and require constant negotiation during the
parenting career:
- G______d discourses on parenting
- C_____e and diversity
The Performance of Everyday Parenting
Factors that shape one’s overall life course influence
parenting and require constant negotiation during the
parenting career:
- Gendered discourses on parenting
- Culture and diversity
The Performance of Everyday Parenting
Factors that shape one’s overall life course influence
parenting and require constant negotiation during the
parenting career:
- Paid and unpaid w__k
- Social p____y and other supports for child-care
The Performance of Everyday Parenting
Factors that shape one’s overall life course influence
parenting and require constant negotiation during the
parenting career:
- Paid and unpaid work
- Social policy and other supports for child-care
Gendered Discourses on Parenting
Moralizing discourses: “The Good M_____r”
-selfless, emotionally a______e, prioritizes caring over
work and devotes considerable time to children
Gendered Discourses on Parenting
Moralizing discourses: “The Good Mother”
-selfless, emotionally available, prioritizes caring over
work and devotes considerable time to children
Gendered Discourses on Parenting
Moralizing discourses: “The Good Mother”
-selfless, emotionally available, prioritizes caring over
work and devotes considerable time to children
-i________e mothering
-ideal role models
-primary caregiver over f______s
Gendered Discourses on Parenting
Moralizing discourses: “The Good Mother”
-selfless, emotionally available, prioritizes caring over
work and devotes considerable time to children
-intensive mothering
-ideal role models
-primary caregiver over fathers
Gendered Discourses on Parenting-continued
Moralizing discourses: “The Good Father”
- excellent f_______l providers
- disciplinarians
- rational a_______y figures
Gendered Discourses on Parenting-continued
Moralizing discourses: “The Good Father”
- excellent financial providers
- disciplinarians
- rational authority figures
Gendered Discourses on Parenting-continued
Moralizing discourses: “The Good Father”
-part-time or secondary parents
-mom’s h____r
-informed by h_______c m_________y
-sports-inclined, ‘big and strong’, tough
Gendered Discourses on Parenting-continued
Moralizing discourses: “The Good Father”
-part-time or secondary parents
-mom’s helper
-informed by hegemonic masculinity
-sports-inclined, ‘big and strong’, tough
Gendered Discourses on Parenting-continued
“family men” and “hands-on” dads more characteristic of y_____r generations of fathers
Gendered Discourses on Parenting-continued
“family men” and “hands-on” dads more characteristic of
younger generations of fathers
Gendered Discourses on Parenting-continued
D____t’s (2006; 2007) research on Canadian fathers found that fathers who were p_____y caregiver of children challenged some traditional characteristics of fathering styles:
-very a__________e
-demonstrated strong e_______l literacy
\
Gendered Discourses on Parenting-continued
Doucet’s (2006; 2007) research on Canadian fathers found that fathers who were primary caregiver of children challenged some traditional characteristics of fathering styles:
- very affectionate
- demonstrated strong emotional literacy
Gendered Discourses on Parenting-continued
Doucet’s (2006; 2007) research on Canadian fathers found that fathers who were primary caregiver of children challenged some traditional characteristics of fathering styles:
-very affectionate
-demonstrated strong emotional literacy
-but different from mothers, they p________d children’s
physical , emotional and intellectual i________e and
risk taking, involved children in housework and
encouraged independent play
Gendered Discourses on Parenting-continued
Doucet’s (2006; 2007) research on Canadian fathers found that fathers who were primary caregiver of children challenged some traditional characteristics of fathering styles:
-very affectionate
-demonstrated strong emotional literacy
-but different from mothers, they promoted children’s
physical , emotional and intellectual independence and
risk taking, involved children in housework and
encouraged independent play
Gender and Parenting-Styles
A__________n
associated more with father’s style
(Commands)
Gender and Parenting-Styles
Authoritarian
associated more with father’s style
Gender and Parenting-Styles
A_________e
considered the best style of parenting
(Explains, reasons with child)
Gender and Parenting-Styles
Authoritative
considered the best style of parenting
(Explains, reasons with child)
Gender and Parenting-Styles
P________e Attachment
associated with ‘intensive mothering’
Gender and Parenting-Styles
Permissive
Attachment
associated with ‘intensive mothering’
Culture and Diversity
Definitions of “good parenting” and outcomes are
c_________y-bound
e.g., Chinese immigrant families found to practice
more a__________n style parenting but their
children, unlike their European counterparts, do better
scholastically than Chinese immigrant children raised
with a____________e parenting style
Culture and Diversity
Definitions of “good parenting” and outcomes are
culturally-bound
e.g., Chinese immigrant families found to practice
more authoritarian style parenting but their
children, unlike their European counterparts, do better
scholastically than Chinese immigrant children raised
with authoritative parenting style
Culture and Diversity
Indigenous families and parenting
- emphasis on c_______y
- e_______d family members, elders and neighbours play important role in r_____ children
- grandparents play important i____________l roles
Culture and Diversity
Indigenous families and parenting
-emphasis on community
-extended family members, elders and neighbours play
important role in rearing children
-grandparents play important instrumental roles
Culture and Diversity
Caribbean families in Canada
-often headed by ______n who assume both e_______c
and child care responsibilities
-transmission of f___l respect is emphasized
Culture and Diversity
Caribbean families in Canada
-often headed by women who assume both economic
and child care responsibilities
-transmission of filial respect is emphasized
Culture and Diversity-
Sudanese fathers in Canada
- priority: p_______g for family, t______g children difference between right/wrong, pass on Sudanese traditions
- often more involved in parenting in ________ than in ______ parenting
Culture and Diversity-
Sudanese fathers in Canada
- priority: providing for family, teaching children difference between right/wrong, pass on Sudanese traditions
- often more involved in parenting in Canada than in Sudan parenting
Culture and Diversity-
Sudanese fathers in Canada
-multi-_________l care-giving-daughters/daughter-in-
laws expected to provide this care
-even as women express their exhaustion, anxiety and ill- health owing to this work, they insist it was crucial role for women within the family and for the community
Culture and Diversity-
Sudanese fathers in Canada
-multi-generational care-giving-daughters/daughter-in-
laws expected to provide this care
-even as women express their exhaustion, anxiety and ill- health owing to this work, they insist it was crucial role for women within the family and for the community
Culture and Diversity-
Chinese_families in Canada and parenting
-fathers hold p_____r and a________y within family
-expectation that c________e needs override needs of the
i________l
Culture and Diversity-
Chinese_families in Canada and parenting
-fathers hold power and authority within family
-expectation that collective needs override needs of the
individual
Culture and Diversity-
Chinese_families in Canada and parenting
-“_____t father, ____m mother” changing: fathers more
involved in children’s lives in Canada
-filial responsibility and respect for aging parents has
not changed; grandparents heavily involved
Culture and Diversity-
Chinese_families in Canada and parenting
-fathers hold power and authority within family
-expectation that collective needs override needs of the
individual
Paid and Unpaid-Work
-few families can live on just __e income
families are ___l-income earning
-number of _____n who are the single-earners increasing
Paid and Unpaid-Work
-few families can live on just one income
families are dual-income earning
-number of women who are the single-earners increasing
Paid and Unpaid-Work
-growing income insecurity among the poorest _0% of
Canadian families
-_0% of families considered “_______g poor
Paid and Unpaid-Work
-growing income insecurity among the poorest 20% of
Canadian families
-10% of families considered “working poor
Paid and Unpaid-Work
-Child Poverty (2005):
_% where both parents working full-time
_% where one parent working full-time
Paid and Unpaid-Work
-Child Poverty (2005):
2% where both parents working full-time
6% where one parent working full-time
Paid and Unpaid-Work
-Child Poverty (2005):
_% among male-headed single parent families
_0% among female-headed single parent families
Paid and Unpaid-Work
-Child Poverty (2005):
6% among male-headed single parent families
10% among female-headed single parent families
Impact of Child Poverty Poverty Risks: -increased c\_\_\_\_\_c illness -increased physical d\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_s -increased d\_\_\_\_\_\_\_l disabilities
Impact of Child Poverty Poverty Risks: -increased chronic illness -increased physical disabilities -increased developmental disabilities
Impact of Child Poverty
Poverty Risks:
- v____n problems
- hearing problems
- s____h problems
Impact of Child Poverty
Poverty Risks:
- vision problems
- hearing problems
- speech problems
Impact of Child Poverty
Poverty Risks:
- m______y problems
- lower s________c achievement
- increased school drop-out
Impact of Child Poverty
Poverty Risks:
- mobility problems
- lower scholastic achievement
- increased school drop-out
Unpaid and Unpaid work
- _____n continue to do more housework than ___n
- even when both spouses work ________e
Unpaid and Unpaid work
- women continue to do more housework than men
- even when both spouses work full-time
Unpaid and Unpaid work
-women who work full-time earn ___s than their male
counterparts, even in the same position
-_____s are doing more unpaid work within the home
compared to 1-2 decades ago
Unpaid and Unpaid work
-women who work full-time earn less than their male
counterparts, even in the same position
-fathers are doing more unpaid work within the home
compared to 1-2 decades ago
Unpaid and Unpaid work
-_____s more likely to exit work and take on full-responsibility of young children’s care than a few _____s ago
Unpaid and Unpaid work
-fathers more likely to exit work and take on full-responsibility of young children’s care than a few decades ago
Social Policy and Child Care
-most families receive extra support from _______d family- especially __________s (emotional, physical, financial)
Social Policy and Child Care
-most families receive extra support from extended family- especially grandparents (emotional, physical, financial)
Social Policy and Child Care
- shortage of licensed ______e openings
- expensive; subsidies restricted
Social Policy and Child Care
- shortage of licensed daycare openings
- expensive; subsidies restricted
Social Policy and Child Care
- _1% of children (outside Quebec) are in daycare or similar setting
- _2% of children in Quebec are in daycare
- $7/day program
- Alberta has recently introduced a similar pilot program
Social Policy and Child Care
- 21% of children (outside Quebec) are in daycare or similar setting
- 42% of children in Quebec are in daycare
- $7/day program
- Alberta has recently introduced a similar pilot program
