OCT 26 Flashcards
Introduction-Housework
Unpaid domestic work in the home, largely done by
women, was completely ignored by s__________s studying work until the 1980s
Introduction-Housework
Unpaid domestic work in the home, largely done by
women, was completely ignored by sociologists studying
work until the 1980s
Introduction-Housework
Since the 1980s, women’s/men’s work and unpaid/paid
labour have been studied under the umbrella term
gender division of l_____r’
The changing and growing diversity of the Canadian
family together with changes in employment models has opened up many new areas of research in the field
Introduction-Housework
Since the 1980s, women’s/men’s work and unpaid/paid
labour have been studied under the umbrella term
gender division of labour’
The changing and growing diversity of the Canadian
family together with changes in employment models has
opened up many new areas of research in the field
Paid Work
Standard employment relationship
-where worker has continuous full-time
employment with the same on-site employer for
all/most of their working lives
-a.k.a.: “4_ hours for 4_ weeks for 4_ years”
(Coote et al, 1990)
-a.k.a.: “male model of employment”
(Brannen and Moss, 1991)
Paid Work
Standard employment relationship
-where worker has continuous full-time
employment with the same on-site employer for
all/most of their working lives
-a.k.a.: “48 hours for 48 weeks for 48 years”
(Coote et al, 1990)
-a.k.a.: “male model of employment”
(Brannen and Moss, 1991)
“Male-Mode “ of Employment
- Men have had more access to the steady-work labour
market - Men are financially c____________d more than women,
even for same work - Men’s employment pattern more full-time work, while
women more likely to work part-time
“Male-Mode “ of Employment
- Men have had more access to the steady-work labour
market - Men are financially compensated more than women,
even for same work - Men’s employment pattern more full-time work, while
women more likely to work part-time
Gender and Paid Work
—_0% of women have jobs (2009) —80% of women without children; —65% with children versus 40% of women had jobs in 1976 Women earn less than men -b\_\_e-collar occupations:
Gender and Paid Work
—60% of women have jobs (2009) —80% of women without children; —65% with children versus 40% of women had jobs in 1976 Women earn less than men -blue-collar occupations:
Gender and Paid Work
—_0 cents for every $ earned by men
- arts, culture, health, recreation fields
- more equal earnings
- visible minority and recently arrived immigrant women
- earn much less than men and other women in Canada
Gender and Paid Work
—70 cents for every $ earned by men
- arts, culture, health, recreation fields
- more equal earnings
- visible minority and recently arrived immigrant women
- earn much less than men and other women in Canada
Gender and Paid Work
continued
- women are more likely to work ___t-time than men owing to (1) childcare; (2) care for e______y family members
- “sandwich generation”
- more women work in part-time, temporary, seasonal jobs
Gender and Paid Work
continued
-women are more likely to work part-time than men owing
to (1) childcare; (2) care for elderly family members
-“sandwich generation”
- more women work in part-time, temporary, seasonal jobs
Gender and Paid Work
continued
-e.g., 1990s rise of ‘non-s________d employment’
a.k.a.: ‘contingent employment’; ‘precarious
employment’; ‘temporary employment’
-characterized by low wages, insecurity, limited
benefits and legal entitlements (e.g., El)
Gender and Paid Work
continued
-e.g., 1990s rise of ‘non-standard employment’
a.k.a.: ‘contingent employment’; ‘precarious
employment’; ‘temporary employment’
-characterized by low wages, insecurity, limited
benefits and legal entitlements (e.g., El)
Housework-and-Childcare
-historically thought that women’s ‘m_______l instincts’ and ability to lactate made them more suited psychologically and biologically for domestic work
-men thought to be more physically suited for warfare,
hunting and protecting the family because of their larger size and superior strength and r__________y
Housework-and-Childcare
-historically thought that women’s ‘maternal instincts’ and ability to lactate made them more suited psychologically
and biologically for domestic work
-men thought to be more physically suited for warfare,
hunting and protecting the family because of their larger
size and superior strength and rationality
Housework-and-Childcare
-housework as ‘work’ began to be studied in 19_0s; found that the work was gendered, potentially isolating, low-
status and not generally chosen by women
-1980s: identified the ‘d______e day’ or ‘s_____d shift’ of working women
Housework-and-Childcare
-housework as ‘work’ began to be studied in 1970s; found that the work was gendered, potentially isolating, low-
status and not generally chosen by women
-1980s: identified the ‘double day’ or ‘second shift’ of
working women
Gender and Unpaid Work
continued
-Around the world, women do more unpaid work than men
-results in more women being ‘time-p__r’
-women doing housework may be ‘doing gender’
-amount/division is influenced by technological
development, culture , religion and income level
Gender and Unpaid Work
continued
-Around the world, women do more unpaid work than men
-results in more women being ‘time-p__r’
-women doing housework may be ‘doing gender’
-amount/division is influenced by technological
development, culture , religion and income level
Gender and Unpaid Work
continued
-smallest male/female difference in unpaid work found in
-s_____l democratic countries (e.g., Denmark)
-younger couples
-lesbian and gay couples
-cohabiting couples
Families are more likely to hire household help when w___n makes a good income
Gender and Unpaid Work
continued
-smallest male/female difference in unpaid work found in
-social democratic countries (e.g., Denmark)
-younger couples
-lesbian and gay couples
-cohabiting couples
Families are more likely to hire household help when woman makes a good income
Problems with the
Separation of Spheres
In many low-income families, women have always worked outside /inside the h__e for pay
e.g., canning foods; informal economy work
Lines are often b_______d
e.g., ‘household work strategy’ (Pahl, 1984)
-work collectively to get all the work done
There has been a dramatic increase in men’s involvement in the home and in doing care-work in family
Problems with the
Separation of Spheres
In many low-income families, women have always worked outside /inside the home for pay
e.g., canning foods; informal economy work
Lines are often blurred
e.g., ‘household work strategy’ (Pahl, 1984)
-work collectively to get all the work done
There has been a dramatic increase in men’s involvement
in the home and in doing care-work in family
Connections between Paid and
Unpaid Work and State Policies
Positiye Policies in Comparison to Other Countries
-generous leave
(15 weeks maternity; +35 weeks parental leave)
-__ for almost full year
Negative Policies in Comparison to Other Countries
-El for parental leave limitations for u__________d
-early childhood education investment poor
-very few childcare spaces in accredited centres and
often unaffordable
Connections between Paid and
Unpaid Work and State Policies
Positiye Policies in Comparison to Other Countries
-generous leave
(15 weeks maternity; +35 weeks parental leave)
-El for almost full year
Negative Policies in Comparison to Other Countries
-El for parental leave limitations for unemployed
-early childhood education investment poor
-very few childcare spaces in accredited centres and
often unaffordable
The Significance of Gender
Differences in Paid/Unpaid Work
Our entire society benefits from well-raised children but they get a free-ride on the l____r required
Women pay the heaviest cost: socially, politically, economically
-e.g., loss of earnings; very vulnerable upon d_____e
Immigrant and Indigenous women pay double-cost since they are even more disadvantaged in labour market
-e.g., Philippine nannies tenuous citizenship
Children whose fathers are not involved are disadvantaged socially, emotionally, and cognitively
The Significance of Gender
Differences in Paid/Unpaid Work
Our entire society benefits from well-raised children but they get a free-ride on the labour required
Women pay the heaviest cost: socially, politically, economically
-e.g., loss of earnings; very vulnerable upon divorce
Immigrant and Indigenous women pay double-cost since they are even more disadvantaged in labour market
-e.g., Philippine nannies tenuous citizenship
Children whose fathers are not involved are disadvantaged
socially, emotionally, and cognitively
