OCT 24 Flashcards
Families and Work
Studies of historical change demonstrate that changing roles of women and men and work do not correspond to an e__________y model
E________c structure and family structure are connected
Families and Work
Studies of historical change demonstrate that changing roles of women and men and work do not correspond to an evolutionary model
Economic structure and family structure are connected
Families and Work
N______r family is often taken-for-granted
assumption of much of the work in this area
There are many sources of inequality between men and women; family role and labour force involvement are 2 important ones
Families and Work
Nuclear family is often taken-for-granted
assumption of much of the work in this area
There are many sources of inequality between men and women; family role and labour force involvement are 2 important ones
Women’s Paid Employment
-changing l______r force participation perhaps the single
most important change in Canadian women’s lives
-women’s increased labour force activity at beginning of _0th century: cheap source of labour and available to meet the needs of economy
Women’s Paid Employment
-changing labour force participation perhaps the single
most important change in Canadian women’s lives
-women’s increased labour force activity at beginning of 20th century: cheap source of labour and available to meet the needs of economy
Women’s Paid Employment
-the kinds of work and pay di____________s remained
strikingly consistent over twentieth century
-women’s main preoccupation remained defined as home and family
Women’s Paid Employment
-the kinds of work and pay differentials remained
strikingly consistent over twentieth century
-women’s main preoccupation remained defined as home and family
Historical Analysis of
Women’s Paid Employment:
Methodological Problems
- only recent interest
- inconsistent data — women’s work was not e_________d
- lack of annual data collection
Historical Analysis of
Women’s Paid Employment:
Methodological Problems
- only recent interest
- inconsistent data — women’s work was not enumerated
- lack of annual data collection
Historical Analysis of
Women’s Paid Employment:
Methodological Problems
-temporal shifts not captured by comparing d_____e
blocks
-unpaid labour not represented
-data discrepancies
Historical Analysis of
Women’s Paid Employment:
Methodological Problems
-temporal shifts not captured by comparing decade
blocks
-unpaid labour not represented
-data discrepancies
Labour Commission Report:
1889
-over 2,000 witness called before the commission
-only 102 were women
-women often said little; even when encouraged
-most information on how women experienced their work was therefore provided by men (commissioners, employers, fellow labourers
-conclusions suggests that women’s participation in labour force was undesirable; but we don’t know how women felt
-lack of information has been filled by historians by
referencing magazines, journals, diaries, letters, newspapers
Labour Commission Report:
1889
-over 2,000 witness called before the commission
-only 102 were women
-women often said little; even when encouraged
-most information on how women experienced their work was therefore provided by men (commissioners, employers, fellow labourers
-conclusions suggests that women’s participation in labour force was undesirable; but we don’t know how women felt
-lack of information has been filled by historians by
referencing magazines, journals, diaries, letters, newspapers
Women’s Employmen - 1800
-f__m workers
-housewives
-domestic servants
800s
-(nuns): education and h_____h services
(Quebec)
-running of inns/managing family businesses
Women’s Employmen - 1800
-farm workers
-housewives
-domestic servants
800s
-(nuns): education and health services
(Quebec)
-running of inns/managing family businesses
Women’s Occupations 1900
- servant
- dressmaker
- teacher
- farmer
- seamstress
- tailoress
- saleswoman
- housekeeper
- laundress
- milliner
- manufacturing
Women’s Occupations 1900
- servant
- dressmaker
- teacher
- farmer
- seamstress
- tailoress
- saleswoman
- housekeeper
- laundress
- milliner
- manufacturing
Domestic Work
Domestics -#1 occupation until —19_0s
- many had little choice in occupation; chosen only when no other option
- immigrant women and workhouse children from Britain included
- electricity and labour-saving appliances displaced the domestic
- now work done by unpaid housewife
- day workers might assist in weekly cleaning
Domestic Work
Domestics -#1 occupation until —1940s
- many had little choice in occupation; chosen only when no other option
- immigrant women and workhouse children from Britain included
- electricity and labour-saving appliances displaced the domestic
- now work done by unpaid housewife
- day workers might assist in weekly cleaning
Nursing
Nursing had a lot in common with d_______c work
Working class women attracted to career
Nursing schools attached to hospitals; provided hospitals with source of unpaid labour
Majority of nurses did home nursing care; little job
s_______y and compensation
Nursing
Nursing had a lot in common with domestic work
Working class women attracted to career
Nursing schools attached to hospitals; provided hospitals with source of unpaid labour
Majority of nurses did home nursing care; little job
security and compensation
Factory
Manufacturing Work: #_ occupation for women
clothing, textile, shoe and tobacco
Clothing and textile most c____n
Often women in ‘sweating’ system
Sweatshops provided very poor working environment
steam, heat, smell (from gas irons), dust, fumes
Factory
Manufacturing Work: #2 occupation for women
clothing, textile, shoe and tobacco
Clothing and textile most common
Often women in ‘sweating’ system
Sweatshops provided very poor working environment
steam, heat, smell (from gas irons), dust, fumes
Teaching
-women typically educated their children at home until mandatory schooling policies were introduced
-women dominated teaching profession
-—_5% of elementary and secondary teachers until
1930s were women
-not well paid
-little status
-rooms often overcrowded
-1895: Toronto school board prohibited married women from
teaching; lack of experience used to justify their poor pay
Teaching
-women typically educated their children at home until mandatory schooling policies were introduced
-women dominated teaching profession
-—75% of elementary and secondary teachers until
1930s were women
-not well paid
-little status
-rooms often overcrowded
-1895: Toronto school board prohibited married women from
teaching; lack of experience used to justify their poor pay
Office Work
19__: 75% of all clerical and sales jobs occupied by men
Office Work
1901: 75% of all clerical and sales jobs occupied by men
19_1: _0% women
-women encouraged to get t_____g training
e.g. YWCA offered free child-care while she trained
-growth in sector owing to increased bureaucracy
-better work conditions than teaching, factory or
domestic work
1961: 60% women
-women encouraged to get typing training
e.g. YWCA offered free child-care while she trained
-growth in sector owing to increased bureaucracy
-better work conditions than teaching, factory or
domestic work
