SE 12-14 Flashcards
- many family forms that we associate with contemporary times have existed in Canada for hundreds of years
e. g., l__e-parent families, b______d households
e.g., lone-parent families, blended households
- beginning in 1960s, the ‘ordinary’ family began to be studied with focus on lived experience
e. g., based on r__e, class, g____r
e.g., based on race, class, gender
-families have been and continue to be important to
individual, social and national i________s
individual, social and national identities
Families as Historical Actors
-family variations distinguished by race, culture and
ethnicity
e.g., immigrant families, Catholic families in Quebec, Inuit families
-families are not only p_____e recipients of changing ideas and practices, but are also historical a____s
not only passive recipients of changing ideas and practices, but are also historical actors
-the e_______l elements of family are as important to the individual and to society as the socio-e______c and
cultural functions
-the emotional elements of family
the socio-economic and cultural functions
-the ‘ideal family’ is s______y constructed to meet needs and objectives of given historical periods
socially constructed to meet needs and objectives of given historical periods
-the endurance of the p_________l, h____osexual male- breadwinner family of white E__o-Canadian middle-class -even though most Canadian families do not resemble this model
-the endurance of the patriarchal, heterosexual male-
breadwinner family of white Euro-Canadian middle-class
-even though most Canadian families do not resemble this model
-the centrality of families of early times derives from
their vital functions:
-r_______tion
-p_____tion
-the centrality of families of early times derives from
their vital functions:
-reproduction
-production
-the centrality of families of early times derives from their vital functions: -reproduction -production -s\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ion -m\_\_\_\_\_\_ance -r\_\_\_\_\_tion
-the centrality of families of early times derives from their vital functions: -socialization -maintenance -regulation
-Aboriginal families in pre-contact times were the basis
of the community, but functioned c___________y for
political, economic and spiritual purpose
functioned collectively for
political, economic and spiritual purpose
-The European colonists’ families were organized in
e______d family type but moved toward n_____r family type owing to the availability of cheap l__d
extended family type but moved toward nuclear family
availability of cheap land
-The family was extremely important in earlier society
owing to the absence of external r________s and
p______g
-The family was extremely important in earlier society
owing to the absence of external regulations and
policing
Survival depended on family:
- every family member was expected to w__k
- m_____e was economically necessary
Survival depended on family:
expected to work
-marriage was economically necessary
Survival depended on family:
- childlessness was a b____n
- adoption was c____nplace
Survival depended on family:
- childlessness was a burden
- adoption was commonplace
Industrialization
- 1850s Canada; central to the modernization process
- production moves from r___l family-farm to u___n factories
- survival focus replaced with l_______e focus
Industrialization
- rural family-farm to urban factories
- survival focus replaced with lifestyle focus
Industrialization
- Men: wage-l____r, business, p______s
- Women: c__e-giving, domestic realm, child-r____g
Industrialization
- Men: wage-labour, business, politics
- Women: care-giving, domestic realm, child-rearing
—Families from Confederation - 1925
West expansion and increased s________t
-new, cheap land, i_________n & chain migration
-mandatory schooling began in Ontario in 1871
—Families from Confederation - 1925
expansion and increased settlement
-new, cheap land, immigration & chain migration
-mandatory schooling began in Ontario in 1871
-high rates of i____t and m______l mortality, orphanhood
and widowhood
-experienced disproportionately by the p__r
-high rates of infant and maternal mortality, orphanhood
and widowhood
-experienced disproportionately by the poor
-10-15% (145-97/1,000) of all children born live would die in infancy
-0.5% (5-5/1,000) maternal mortality rate
Confederation to 1925 :
Poor Family Interventions
Social Gospel Movement
-P________t middle-class movement aimed at alleviating many societal ills including: p_____y, a________m, infant mortality, prostitution, child labour and ‘racial d________n’
-informed by m______l feminism
Confederation to 1925 :
Poor Family Interventions
Social Gospel Movement
-Protestant middle-class movement aimed at alleviating
many societal ills including: poverty, alcoholism, infant
mortality, prostitution, child labour and ‘racial
degeneration’
-informed by maternal_feminism
Confederation to 1925:
The Nation-Building Era Not all immigrant families welcome to Canada
-the focus on ‘d_______e immigrants’
-the focus on ‘a_________e’ immigrants
Confederation to 1925:
The Nation-Building Era Not all immigrant families welcome to Canada
- the focus on ‘desirable immigrants’
- the focus on ‘assimilable’ immigrants
The Western settlement program ignored Indigenous
peoples
-influx of w___e settlers threat to Indigenous families
-white missionary interference and r_________l schools
-p__________e principle devastating impact on Métis
families
The Western settlement program ignored Indigenous
peoples
-influx of white settlers threat to Indigenous families
-residential schools
-patrilineage principle devastating impact on Métis
families
Truth and Reconciliation
Indian Residential Schools began 1840s; 1920-federal government made it mandatory for children aged 7-15 to attend residential schools
The impetus for the schools: to “kill the I____n in the child”
Truth and Reconciliation
Indian Residential Schools began 1840s; 1920-federal government made it mandatory for children aged 7-15 to attend residential schools
to “kill the Indian in the child”
The Anglican, United, Presbyterian and Catholic churches were contracted by the government to run the schools
The Anglican, United, Presbyterian and Catholic churches were contracted by the government to run the schools >130 residential schools in Canada; the last one closed in 1996
First Nations, Métis and Inuit children were removed from their families and placed in residential schools
Most of the former students report experiencing intense suffering and e_______l, physical and s____l abuse In the schools
First Nations, Métis and Inuit children were removed from their families and placed in residential schools
emotional, physical and sexual abuse In the schools
The unresolved t___a suffered by these children has been passed on from generation to generation (the legacy of the residential school system)
The unresolved trauma suffered by these children has been passed on from generation to generation (the legacy of the residential school system) inter generational trauma
The Crisis In Family >1920
•Women being drawn away from m_____e and m_________d
•WWI robbed nation of many men of husband/father age
The Crisis In Family >1920
•Women being drawn away from marriage and motherhood
•WWI robbed nation of many men of husband/father age
The Crisis In Family >1920
•Spanish flu hit _0-_0 year olds the hardest
•Children of ill-health; burdens on the s___e
•Husband/ Father d_________g family
The Crisis In Family >1920
•Spanish flu hit 20-40 year olds the hardest
•Children of ill-health; burdens on the state
•Husband/ Father disserting family
The Crisis In Family >1920
•Concerns with “racial d_________n”
•Birth control/abortion/infanticide being
used/pursued/committed
The Crisis In Family >1920
•Concerns with “racial degeneration”
•Birth control/abortion/infanticide being
used/pursued/committed
Pronatalism
-the promotion and glorifying of p________d
(especially motherhood)
-calls for state-incentives to encourage m______e and
c___________g
Pronatalism glorifying of parenthood (especially motherhood) -calls for state-incentives to encourage marriage and childbearing
Pronatalism
-proponents call upon state to restrict access to
c___________n
-calls research on the family and for the
establishment of ‘expert informed’ education about
parenting (“s_______c parenting”)
Pronatalism
restrict access to
contraception
-calls research on the family and for the
establishment of ‘expert informed’ education about
parenting (“scientific parenting”)
Pronatalism
-focus on increasing the number of children born to
the ‘b____r stock’ families
Pronatalism
-focus on increasing the number of children born to
the ‘better stock’ families
The Crisis in Families Interventions-continued Public Health Investment -improved s\_\_\_\_\_\_\_n -i\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_n -milk i\_\_\_\_\_\_\_n
The Crisis in Families Interventions-continued Public Health Investment -improved sanitation -immunization -milk inspection
The Crisis in Families Interventions-continued Public Health Investment -free well-baby c\_\_\_\_s/travelling n\_\_\_\_\_s -increased 'm\_\_\_\_\_e' regulation
The Crisis in Families Interventions-continued Public Health Investment -free well-baby clinics/travelling nurses -increased 'medicine' regulation
The Crisis in Families Interventions-continued Public Health Investment -school n\_\_\_e program -free v\_\_\_\_\_\_l disease treatment
The Crisis in Families Interventions-continued Public Health Investment -school nurse program -free venereal disease treatment
Families and The Great Depression
Any momentum gained from the interventions introduced in the 1920s were halted by the D______n of the 1930s -—40% unemployment (crisis in male unemployment)
Families and The Great Depression
halted by the Depression of the 1930’s
Families and The Great Depression
-by 1937, birthrate at historical low: 2.6 children/family
-financial burden led to many families returning to
i_________t family model
-men were the focus of the minimal r_____f programs
Families and The Great Depression
- interdependent family model
- minimal relief programs
Families and “The New Deal”
L. M___h (1943): Report on Social Security for Canada
-although Unemployment Insurance was introduced in 1941, this was focused narrowly on men who were w_____t work
Families and “The New Deal”
L. Marsh (1943): Report on Social Security for Canada
-although Unemployment Insurance was introduced in 1941, this was focused narrowly on men who were without work
Families and “The New Deal”
-Marsh called for i___________t state
-programs to be geared toward not only those who
needed aid, but for all f_____s
Families and “The New Deal”
- Marsh called for interventionist state
- all families
Families and “The New Deal”
- Family A______e Act introduced in 1944
- a.k.a.: “Baby Bonus”
- provided mothers $5-8/child/month Both UI and Mother’s Allowance upheld t_________l family model
Families and “The New Deal”
- Family Allowance Act introduced in 1944
- a.k.a.: “Baby Bonus”
- provided mothers $5-8/child/month Both UI and Mother’s Allowance upheld traditional family model
Families *Mid-Century
- post-war period characterized as the “g____n age” of the “normal” family:
- husband/b________r
- mother/h_______r
- 3-4 well-behaved, intelligent healthy children
Families *Mid-Century
- post-war period characterized as the “golden age” of the “normal” family:
- husband/breadwinner
- mother/homemaker
- 3-4 well-behaved, intelligent healthy children
Families *Mid-Century
- 1947-1965: The Baby Boom
- e_____c boom
- second wave of i______n
- mostly family-sponsored
Families *Mid-Century
- 1947-1965: The Baby Boom
- economic boom
- second wave of immigration
- mostly family-sponsored
Families at Mid-Century
- d__k-side of the golden age: many groups did not prosper
- Betty F_____n: “the p_____m without a name”
- unskilled, non-u______d workers
- A________l families
Families at Mid-Century
- dark-side of the golden age: many groups did not prosper
- Betty Friedan: “the problem without a name”
- unskilled, non-unionized workers
- Aboriginal families
Families at Mid-Century
- dark-side of the golden age: many groups did not prosper
- A______n-Canadian families
- u_______l francophe families in Quebec
- families living in poorer provinces
- w___n
Families at Mid-Century
- dark-side of the golden age: many groups did not prosper
- African-Canadian families
- unilingual francophone families in Quebec
- families living in poorer provinces
- women
Families at Mid-Century
The Youth Problem
-Baby -boomers of late 1940s entered youth in 1960s
(‘hippies”)
-many rejected s_x and m_______e values of parents
-many rejected the social c________m
Families at Mid-Century
The Youth Problem
- many rejected sex and marriage values of parents
- many rejected the social conservatism
Families at Mid-Century
The Youth Problem
-many were critical of the g_________t
-increased p____________n of groups previously
marginalized based on class, race, sexual orientation
-the youth culture of the 1960s had tremendous impact on the family and especially w____n
Families at Mid-Century
The Youth Problem
-many were critical of the government
-increased politicization of groups previously
marginalized based on class, race, sexual orientation
-the youth culture of the 1960s had tremendous impact on the family and especially women
1960s: The Changing Family
1962-Birth Control Pill available
-for purposes of cycle regulation only
1968-Divorce Act
1960s: The Changing Family
1962-Birth Control Pill available
-for purposes of cycle regulation only
1968-Divorce Act
1960s: The Changing Family
1969- Abortion made legal (with restrictions)
S____y decriminalized
Birth Control and c____________n decriminalized
1960s: The Changing Family
1969- Abortion made legal (with restrictions)
Sodomy decriminalized
Birth Control and contraception decriminalized
Families at the-Millennium
- c_______s by choice
- introduction of maternity and p______l leave (1990s)
- 80% of mothers worked outside the h__e (2000)
Families at the-Millennium
- childless by choice
- introduction of maternity and parental leave (1990s)
- 80% of mothers worked outside the home (2000)
Families at the-Millennium
- increased involvement of f______s in parenting
- Civil Marriage Act (2005)
Families at the-Millennium
- increased involvement of fathers in parenting
- Civil Marriage Act (2005)
Families at the-Millennium
-85% of Canadians lived in Census Family (2006)
but d______d % of married couples
-the idealized male breadwinner family is the m______y
experience
Families at the-Millennium
-85% of Canadians lived in Census Family (2006)
but decreased % of married couples
-the idealized male breadwinner family is the minority
experience
