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my human bio 2023 > scientific method > Flashcards

scientific method Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the ethics of planning an investigation?

A
  • Voluntary participation
  • Informed consent
  • Risk of harm
  • Confidentiality
  • Anonymity
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2
Q

what is the safety of planning an investigation?

A
  • Risks involved
  • safety equipment required
  • physical and emotional
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3
Q

what is a placebo

A
  • used to test the effectiveness of medical treatments
  • Inactive substance that looks like the real treatment and is administered in the same manner
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4
Q

what group is the placebo given to

A

the controlled group

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5
Q

what is a single-blind experiment

A
  • occurs when information is withheld from the participant
    the researcher knows all the facts
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5
Q

what is a double-blind experiment?

A

neither the participants nor researchers know who belongs to which group.

Researchers identify each group by analysing the results

high standard if scientific accuracy

easily achieved in drug studies by formulating placebo to have identical appearance to test drug

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6
Q

what is a hypothesis?

A

it is an “if-then” statement
it includes the dependent and independent variable
a single idea that must be able to be tested
precise an concise
definite statement-no question

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7
Q

what are the different variables

A
  • independent: variable you change
  • dependent: variable you measure
  • controlled: variable you keep the same
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8
Q

what is validity

A
  • an experiment is considered valid if it tests what is it meant to test.
  • for an experiment to be considered valid it must control all variables, excluding the independent variable
  • to have a valid experiment you must have reliable and accurate data
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9
Q

what is reliability

A
  • refers to whether an experiment can be repeated by you or any other person who tries the experiment
  • an experiment is reliable if it can be repeated with similar outcomes
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10
Q

how is accuracy improved?

A
  • by using the correct equipment
  • ensuring the experiment is conducted by an individual with past experience
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11
Q

what are the different types of errors

A
  • systematic error
  • random error
  • human error
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12
Q

what is a human error?

A

is a mistake made during an experiment due to a lack of human ability or carelessness

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13
Q

what are random errors?

A

are unpredictable errors and occur because no measurement is perfect

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14
Q

what is a systematic error

A

occurs because of the way in which an experiment is designed.

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15
Q

what is the percentage change formula?

A

new value - old value/old value x 100%

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16
Q

what is the percentage increase formula?

A

final valve-initial valvue/initial valvue x100

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17
Q

what is extrapolate

A

extending the graph along the same slope

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18
Q

what is interpolate

A

predicting data between 2 points

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19
Q

what are the different types of investigations?

A

observations
controlled experiments
surveys
trail and error
case studies
longitudinal studies

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20
Q

describe observations

A

the process of using the senses to acquire information

all investigations use observations

scientists look for trends or patterns

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21
Q

describe controlled experiments

A

a fair test designed to look for relationships between variables

change only one variable, results should be reflective of that change

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22
Q

describe surveys

A

collect data from a large number of participants

questionnaires or interviews

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23
Q

trial and error

A

systematic

make one change at a time until the problem has been solved

each trial is recorded-process of elimination

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24
Q

describe case studies

A

focus on one person or situation

following a group/individual with a certain demographic or disease

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25
Q

describe longitudinal studies

A

conducted over a few years

a more prolonged case study

build up a picture of change over time

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26
Q

what is the literature review consist of

A

help define the problem

find out what is already known

assess research methods

allow the researcher to relate findings

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27
Q

what is qualitative data

A

observations that do not involve numbers

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28
Q

what is quantitative data

A

data that is expressed in numbers

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29
Q

what group receives the real substance

A

the experimental group

30
Q

what is the scientific method?

A

observation
inferences
hypothesis
experimental design
record and present data
discussion
conclusion

31
Q

what are the steps in an experimental design

A

aim- summerise experiment statement

introduction- expand on aim

hypothesis

equipment- including quantity and how much

diagram

procedure/ method- always do procedure first, show how much you are going to do it, the method is the write up after

result- in a form of a table and then put into a graph

discussion- identify patterns and trends in the experiment

conclusion- restate the hypothesis, does the data support the hypothesis, using data

32
Q

what is repetition

A

doing the same experiment many times

33
Q

what is replication

A

a number if identical experiments running together or at the same time

performing the experiment on a large number of subjects at the same time

34
Q

what do repetition and replication help to do

A

helpt to demonstrate that the results are constant

minimise the effects of uncontrolled variables

35
Q

what is secondary data

A

is data that is collected by someone else who is not the user of the data

36
Q

what does secondary data often contain

A

confidence intervals

37
Q

what are confidence intervals?

A

confident intervals indicate the reliability of the data and are expressed as a range of values above and below the results

38
Q

what are the benefits of a blind experiment?

A

people involved do not know certain details of experiment
prevents conscious or unconscious bias

39
Q

how should experiments be designed

A

so that where possible experiments should be designed so that quantitative data can be collected

40
Q

can qualitative be given numerical valvues

A

yes

41
Q

how can you minimize random errors?

A

take more data. random errors can be evaluated through statistical analysis and can be reduced by repetition

42
Q

how can you minimize systematic errors

A

systematic errors are difficult to detect and cannot be analyzed statistically, because all of the data is off in the same direction. Spotting and correcting for systematic error takes a lot of care

43
Q

what is an example of a random error

A

You measure the mass of a ring three times using the same balance and get slightly different values: 17.46 g, 17.42 g, 17.44 g

44
Q

what is an example of a systematic error

A

The electric scale you use read 0.05 g too high for all your maths measurements (because it is improperly tared throughout your experiment).

45
Q

what is the definition of a literature review

A

a survey of the material that has been written about a subject under consideration

46
Q

what are outliers

A

a measurement well beyond the range of other measurements in a set

47
Q

what are the two types of errors

A

systematic errors
random errors

48
Q

what are the different types of random errors

A

instrument
environment
measurement
human
procedural

49
Q

provide an explanation and example for each of the different types of random errors

A

instrument- old (e.g springs are worn out and don’t work)
environment- temperature, humidity, wind
measurement- parallax error (not looking at it straight on), inexperience
human- spilling, stuff ups, dropping items, blunders
procedural- you have the procedure in the wrong steps, adding the chemicals in the wrong place

50
Q

what is meta analysis

A

the statistical analysis of a large collection of analysis results from individual studies for the purpose of integrating the findings.

51
Q

what is a controlled variable

A

a factor kept the same for both the control and the experimental groups in an experiment

52
Q

what is an uncontrolled variable

A

a variable that could not be kept the same for the control and the experimental groups in an experiment

53
Q

what is safety

A

the condition of being protected form or unlikely to cause danger, risk or injury

54
Q

what are ethics

A

a set of moral principles or values

55
Q

variable

A

any factor that may change during an experiment

56
Q

what is accuracy

A

how close a measurement is to the true value

57
Q

average

A

the total measurements in a group divide by the total number of measurements

58
Q

outliers

A

a measurement well beyond the range of the other measurements in a set

59
Q

median

A

the mid-point of a set of numbers

60
Q

range

A

the difference between the highest and lowest measurements in a group

61
Q

ratio

A

a numerical statement of how one variable relates to another

62
Q

rate

A

a ratio that shows how long it takes to do something

63
Q

percentages

A

a rate, number, or amount in each hundred

64
Q

percentage change

A

the relative change between an old value and its new value, expressed as a percentage of the old value

65
Q

frequency

A

the number of times an event occurs

66
Q

what is an inference

A

a suggested reason why our observation occurred

67
Q

what are your 5 senses

A

sight, smell, taste, hearing, touch

68
Q

where does the independent variable go in a table

A

the first column

69
Q

where does the dependent variable go in a table

A

the last column

70
Q

where does the dependent variable go in a graph

A

along the vertical

71
Q

where does the independent variable go in a graph

A

along the horizontal

72
Q

what do you include in your conclusion

A

restate the hypothesis

explain if your data collected supports the hypothesis of if it doesn’t and the hypothesis is known as a null hypothesis

if the hypothesis is incorrect write it correctly

73
Q

what is reliability

A

the extent to which an experiment gives the same result each time it is performed

my human bio 2023 (32 decks)

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