Scientific Foundations Flashcards
Structuralism
uses introspection to look inward to examine mental experiences to determine the underlying structures of the mind
functionalism
the mind is a functional tool that allows us to adapt to our environments
psychoanalytic approach
unconsious, childhood
behavioral approach
behaviors ar learned and reinforced
humanistic approach
free will, choice
cognitive approach
perceptions, thoughts
evolutionary approach
genes
biological approach
brains
sociocultural approach
society
Mary Calkins
first female president of American Psychology Assosciation
Margaret Floy Washburn
1st female PhD
Charles Darwin
natural selection and evolution
dorthea dix
reformed mental institutions in the USA
basic research
systematic study directed toward greater knowledge or understanding of the fundamental aspects of phenomena and of observable facts without specific applications towards processes or products in mind.
applied research
a non-systematic way of finding solutions to specific research problems or issues
pschologist
research of counseling
psychiatrist
prescribe medications and diagnose
experiment
a scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact.
researcher controls variables to establish cause and effect
independent variable
factor in experiment purposefully altered by researcher to find effect, stays constant
experimental group
receives the treatment
control group
does not receive the treatment, receives placebo
placebo effect
perceived benefit after receiving a placebo: can help to compare with experimental group
dependent variable
measured variable, dependent/changed based on independent variable
double-blind experiment
experiment where neither the participants nor the experimenter are aware of the conditions people are assigned to (ex: drug assignment versus placebo)
single-blind
only the researcher knows the conditions
operational definition
definition of variables in experiment, usually quantitative
used so that experiment can be repeated
confounding variable
variable that affects the experiment that wasn’t originally planned for, can spur results and relationship between ind. and dep. variable
random assignment
assigns participants to either control or experimental groups at random
minimizes bias
random sample/selection
method for choosing participants for your study
minimizes bias and ensures results reflect all people
representative sample
sample mimics the general population (gender, race, age)
correlation
identity relationship between two variables
correlation
identity relationship between two variables
does not equal causation
positive correlation
variables increase and decrease together
negative correlation
one increases as the other decreases
illusory correlation
belief of correlation that doesn’t exist
naturalistic observation
real world validity (observe people in natural environment)
case study
studies one person in great detail (lots of info)
confidentiality
names kept secret
ethical guidelines (APA)
confidentiality, debrief, deception, no harm, informed consent, right to withdrawl
debrief
must explain purpose of study (done after experiment is over)
informed consent
must agree to be part of study
deception
cannot have deception unless warranted
no harm
protection from physical harm
right to withdrawl
participants must be able to withdrawl
