Scientific Foundations

Question 1

Structuralism

Answer 1

uses introspection to look inward to examine mental experiences to determine the underlying structures of the mind

Question 2

functionalism

Answer 2

the mind is a functional tool that allows us to adapt to our environments

Question 3

psychoanalytic approach

Answer 3

unconsious, childhood

Question 4

behavioral approach

Answer 4

behaviors ar learned and reinforced

Question 5

humanistic approach

Answer 5

free will, choice

Question 6

cognitive approach

Answer 6

perceptions, thoughts

Question 7

evolutionary approach

Answer 7

genes

Question 8

biological approach

Answer 8

brains

Question 9

sociocultural approach

Answer 9

society

Question 10

Mary Calkins

Answer 10

first female president of American Psychology Assosciation

Question 11

Margaret Floy Washburn

Answer 11

1st female PhD

Question 12

Charles Darwin

Answer 12

natural selection and evolution

Question 13

dorthea dix

Answer 13

reformed mental institutions in the USA

Question 14

basic research

Answer 14

systematic study directed toward greater knowledge or understanding of the fundamental aspects of phenomena and of observable facts without specific applications towards processes or products in mind.

Question 15

applied research

Answer 15

a non-systematic way of finding solutions to specific research problems or issues

Question 16

pschologist

Answer 16

research of counseling

Question 17

psychiatrist

Answer 17

prescribe medications and diagnose

Question 18

experiment

Answer 18

a scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact.

researcher controls variables to establish cause and effect

Question 19

independent variable

Answer 19

factor in experiment purposefully altered by researcher to find effect, stays constant

Question 20

experimental group

Answer 20

receives the treatment

Question 21

control group

Answer 21

does not receive the treatment, receives placebo

Question 22

placebo effect

Answer 22

perceived benefit after receiving a placebo: can help to compare with experimental group

Question 23

dependent variable

Answer 23

measured variable, dependent/changed based on independent variable

Question 24

double-blind experiment

Answer 24

experiment where neither the participants nor the experimenter are aware of the conditions people are assigned to (ex: drug assignment versus placebo)

Question 25

single-blind

Answer 25

only the researcher knows the conditions

Question 26

operational definition

Answer 26

definition of variables in experiment, usually quantitative used so that experiment can be repeated

Question 27

confounding variable

Answer 27

variable that affects the experiment that wasn't originally planned for, can spur results and relationship between ind. and dep. variable

Question 28

random assignment

Answer 28

assigns participants to either control or experimental groups at random minimizes bias

Question 29

random sample/selection

Answer 29

method for choosing participants for your study minimizes bias and ensures results reflect all people

Question 30

representative sample

Answer 30

sample mimics the general population (gender, race, age)

Question 31

correlation

Answer 31

identity relationship between two variables

Question 32

correlation

Answer 32

identity relationship between two variables does not equal causation

Question 33

positive correlation

Answer 33

variables increase and decrease together

Question 34

negative correlation

Answer 34

one increases as the other decreases

Question 35

illusory correlation

Answer 35

belief of correlation that doesn't exist

Question 36

naturalistic observation

Answer 36

real world validity (observe people in natural environment)

Question 37

case study

Answer 37

studies one person in great detail (lots of info)

Question 38

confidentiality

Answer 38

names kept secret

Question 39

ethical guidelines (APA)

Answer 39

confidentiality, debrief, deception, no harm, informed consent, right to withdrawl

Question 40

debrief

Answer 40

must explain purpose of study (done after experiment is over)

Question 41

informed consent

Answer 41

must agree to be part of study

Question 42

deception

Answer 42

cannot have deception unless warranted

Question 43

no harm

Answer 43

protection from physical harm

Question 44

right to withdrawl

Answer 44

participants must be able to withdrawl