learning

Question 1

Classical Conditioning

Answer 1

idea by Pavlov that behaviors are learned by connecting a neutral stimulus with a positive one

Question 2

classical conditioning formula

Answer 2

US=UR
NS=NR
NS+US=UR
CS=UR

Question 3

acquisition

Answer 3

process of learning the response pairing

Question 4

extinction

Answer 4

previously conditioned response dies out over time

Question 5

spontaneous recovery

Answer 5

CR comes back suddenly after a period of time

Question 6

generalization

Answer 6

associate similar stimuli to the CS (ex: different pitch bells)

Question 7

discrimination

Answer 7

CR only comes from the exact CS

Question 8

Little Albert Experiment

Answer 8

experiment done by John Watson

conditioned little boy to be afraid of white rabbits, led to counter conditioning to break CR

Question 9

Operant Conditioning

Answer 9

idea by BF Skinner that rewards and punishments drive behavior

Question 10

law of effect

Answer 10

by Thorndike
behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened, negative outcomes weaken

Question 11

positive reinforcement

Answer 11

something is added to reinforce

Question 12

negative reinforcement

Answer 12

something is taken away to reinforce

Question 13

positive punishment

Answer 13

something is added to decrease behavior

Question 14

negative punishment

Answer 14

something is taken away to decrease behavior

Question 15

primary reinforcers

Answer 15

innately satisfying (water, food, survival)

Question 16

secondary reinforcers

Answer 16

everything else that motivates (money, prizes)

Question 17

token reinforcers

Answer 17

secondary reinforcers that can be exchanged for other things (ex; game tokens)

Question 18

generalization

Answer 18

respond to similar stimulus for reward

Question 19

discrimination

Answer 19

need specific stimulus in order to trigger response

Question 20

overjustification effect

Answer 20

reinforcing behaviors that are intrinsically motivating, causing you to stop doing them

Question 21

shaping

Answer 21

reinforce successive approximations (similiar behaviors to desired behavior) to train behavior

Question 22

continuous reinforcement schedule

Answer 22

receive reward for every response

Question 23

fixed ratio schedule

Answer 23

reward every x number of responses

Question 24

fixed interval schedule

Answer 24

reward every x amount of time passes

Question 25

variable ratio schedule

Answer 25

rewarded after a random number of responses

Question 26

variable interval schedule

Answer 26

rewarded after a random amount of time has passed

Question 27

Social/Observational Learning

Answer 27

theory by Albert Bandura that behavior is learned and copied

Question 28

modeling behaviors

Answer 28

children model behaviors

found in Bobo doll experiment

Question 29

prosocial

Answer 29

helping behaviors

Question 30

antisocial

Answer 30

mean behaviors

Question 31

latent learning

Answer 31

idea by Tolman

learning is hidden until useful

Question 32

insight learning

Answer 32

idea by Kohler

learning is through simple intuition

Question 33

learned heplessness

Answer 33

idea by Seligman

no matter what you do, you never get a positive outcome, so you just give up