learning Flashcards
Classical Conditioning
idea by Pavlov that behaviors are learned by connecting a neutral stimulus with a positive one
classical conditioning formula
US=UR
NS=NR
NS+US=UR
CS=UR
acquisition
process of learning the response pairing
extinction
previously conditioned response dies out over time
spontaneous recovery
CR comes back suddenly after a period of time
generalization
associate similar stimuli to the CS (ex: different pitch bells)
discrimination
CR only comes from the exact CS
Little Albert Experiment
experiment done by John Watson
conditioned little boy to be afraid of white rabbits, led to counter conditioning to break CR
Operant Conditioning
idea by BF Skinner that rewards and punishments drive behavior
law of effect
by Thorndike
behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened, negative outcomes weaken
positive reinforcement
something is added to reinforce
negative reinforcement
something is taken away to reinforce
positive punishment
something is added to decrease behavior
negative punishment
something is taken away to decrease behavior
primary reinforcers
innately satisfying (water, food, survival)
secondary reinforcers
everything else that motivates (money, prizes)
token reinforcers
secondary reinforcers that can be exchanged for other things (ex; game tokens)
generalization
respond to similar stimulus for reward
discrimination
need specific stimulus in order to trigger response
overjustification effect
reinforcing behaviors that are intrinsically motivating, causing you to stop doing them
shaping
reinforce successive approximations (similiar behaviors to desired behavior) to train behavior
continuous reinforcement schedule
receive reward for every response
fixed ratio schedule
reward every x number of responses
fixed interval schedule
reward every x amount of time passes
variable ratio schedule
rewarded after a random number of responses
variable interval schedule
rewarded after a random amount of time has passed
Social/Observational Learning
theory by Albert Bandura that behavior is learned and copied
modeling behaviors
children model behaviors
found in Bobo doll experiment
prosocial
helping behaviors
antisocial
mean behaviors
latent learning
idea by Tolman
learning is hidden until useful
insight learning
idea by Kohler
learning is through simple intuition
learned heplessness
idea by Seligman
no matter what you do, you never get a positive outcome, so you just give up
