development

Question 1

maturation

Answer 1

natural course of development

Question 2

reflexes

Answer 2

innate responses we’re born with

examples: rooting, sucking, swallowing, grasping, stepping, babinksi

Question 3

rooting

Answer 3

cheek or mouth is touched, baby will move its mouth towards it

Question 4

babinksi

Answer 4

bottom of babies foot is stroked, toes spread

Question 5

what is developed least in babies

Answer 5

vision

Question 6

vision cliff

Answer 6

babies have to learn depth perception so they will cross a “cliff”

Question 7

Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Development

Answer 7

four major stages of development

sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, formal operational

Question 8

schemas

Answer 8

mental structures that an individual uses to organize knowledge and guide cognitive processes

example: when you think of a dog, you think pet, four legs, animal, tail, etc.

Question 9

assimilation

Answer 9

incorporate new info into existing schema

Question 10

accomodation

Answer 10

adjust existing schema to incorporate new info

Question 11

sensorimotor stage

Answer 11

birth-2 years, focused on exploring world

lack of object permanence and development of sense of self

Question 12

pre-operational stage

Answer 12

2-7 years old, developing language and intuitive reasoning

lack of conservation, lack reversibility of operations, very egocentric

Question 13

concrete operational stage

Answer 13

7-11 years, use operational thinking, classification, and can think logical in concrete context

Question 14

formal operational stage

Answer 14

11-15 years, use abstract and idealistic thoughts, hypothetical and deductive reasoning

Question 15

problems with Piaget’s theory

Answer 15

stages too discrete, development differs between kids

Question 16

Vygotsky’s Theory

Answer 16

cognitive development is a social process too, and people need social interaction

Question 17

temperament

Answer 17

patterns of emotional reactions in babies (precursor to personality)

Question 18

imprinting

Answer 18

event where animals develop a deep relationship with the first thing they see after they are born (ex: birds)

Question 19

Harry Harlow Monkey Experiment

Answer 19

discovered through an experiment with monkeys that contact comfort is more important than food

Question 20

Baumrind’s Ideas

Answer 20

parenting styles: authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative

Question 21

authoritarian

Answer 21

rules and obedience, very strict

Question 22

permissive

Answer 22

no rules at all

Question 23

authoritative

Answer 23

rules, but lenient and justified (best way to raise a kid)

Question 24

Mary Ainsworth Experiment

Answer 24

experiment to determine attachment: would have kids and moms in room, mother would leave, observe reaction

Question 25

strange situation paradigm

Answer 25

determines relationship between parent and child

Question 26

secure attachment

Answer 26

upset when mom leaves, easily calmed when returned

Question 27

avoidant attachment

Answer 27

actively avoids mom, doesn't care when she leaves

Question 28

ambivalent attachment

Answer 28

actively avoids mom, freaks out when she leaves

Question 29

disorganized attachment

Answer 29

confused, dazed, fearful

Question 30

Kohlberg's Moral Development

Answer 30

said that people go through three stages of moral development: preconventional, conventional, postconventional

Question 31

preconvetional morality

Answer 31

children: follow rules, avoid punishment

Question 32

conventional morality

Answer 32

adolescents: follow rules because they exist to keep order

Question 33

postconventional morality

Answer 33

adults: they do what they believe is right

Question 34

Erikson's Socioemotional Development

Answer 34

8 stages of development, each represent a crisis one must resolve

Question 35

puberty

Answer 35

rapid skeletal and sexual maturation

Question 36

primary sex characteristics

Answer 36

necessary structures for reproduction (ovaries, vagina, penis, testicles)

Question 37

secondary sex characteristics

Answer 37

nonreproductive characteristics (body hair, hips, boobs, deepening voice)

Question 38

social learning theories

Answer 38

we learn gender roles and identities from those around us

Question 39

cellular clock theory

Answer 39

cells have a maximum number of divisions before they can't divide anymore

Question 40

cross sectional studies

Answer 40

studies of people of different ages at the same point in time

Question 41

longitudinal studies

Answer 41

studies the same people over time