development Flashcards
maturation
natural course of development
reflexes
innate responses we’re born with
examples: rooting, sucking, swallowing, grasping, stepping, babinksi
rooting
cheek or mouth is touched, baby will move its mouth towards it
babinksi
bottom of babies foot is stroked, toes spread
what is developed least in babies
vision
vision cliff
babies have to learn depth perception so they will cross a “cliff”
Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Development
four major stages of development
sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, formal operational
schemas
mental structures that an individual uses to organize knowledge and guide cognitive processes
example: when you think of a dog, you think pet, four legs, animal, tail, etc.
assimilation
incorporate new info into existing schema
accomodation
adjust existing schema to incorporate new info
sensorimotor stage
birth-2 years, focused on exploring world
lack of object permanence and development of sense of self
pre-operational stage
2-7 years old, developing language and intuitive reasoning
lack of conservation, lack reversibility of operations, very egocentric
concrete operational stage
7-11 years, use operational thinking, classification, and can think logical in concrete context
formal operational stage
11-15 years, use abstract and idealistic thoughts, hypothetical and deductive reasoning
problems with Piaget’s theory
stages too discrete, development differs between kids
Vygotsky’s Theory
cognitive development is a social process too, and people need social interaction
temperament
patterns of emotional reactions in babies (precursor to personality)
imprinting
event where animals develop a deep relationship with the first thing they see after they are born (ex: birds)
Harry Harlow Monkey Experiment
discovered through an experiment with monkeys that contact comfort is more important than food
Baumrind’s Ideas
parenting styles: authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative
authoritarian
rules and obedience, very strict
permissive
no rules at all
authoritative
rules, but lenient and justified (best way to raise a kid)
Mary Ainsworth Experiment
experiment to determine attachment: would have kids and moms in room, mother would leave, observe reaction
strange situation paradigm
determines relationship between parent and child
secure attachment
upset when mom leaves, easily calmed when returned
avoidant attachment
actively avoids mom, doesn’t care when she leaves
ambivalent attachment
actively avoids mom, freaks out when she leaves
disorganized attachment
confused, dazed, fearful
Kohlberg’s Moral Development
said that people go through three stages of moral development: preconventional, conventional, postconventional
preconvetional morality
children: follow rules, avoid punishment
conventional morality
adolescents: follow rules because they exist to keep order
postconventional morality
adults: they do what they believe is right
Erikson’s Socioemotional Development
8 stages of development, each represent a crisis one must resolve
puberty
rapid skeletal and sexual maturation
primary sex characteristics
necessary structures for reproduction (ovaries, vagina, penis, testicles)
secondary sex characteristics
nonreproductive characteristics (body hair, hips, boobs, deepening voice)
social learning theories
we learn gender roles and identities from those around us
cellular clock theory
cells have a maximum number of divisions before they can’t divide anymore
cross sectional studies
studies of people of different ages at the same point in time
longitudinal studies
studies the same people over time
