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AP PSYCH CRAM! > cognition > Flashcards

cognition Flashcards

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1
Q

encoding

A

getting info into memory

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2
Q

automatic encoding

A

requires no effort

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3
Q

effortful encoding

A

requires attention

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4
Q

imagery

A

attaching images to information for memory

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5
Q

self-reference effect

A

we better remember things that pertain to us in some manner

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6
Q

dual encoding

A

combining different types of encoding aids in memory

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7
Q

chunking

A

break info into smaller units to aid in memory

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8
Q

mnemonics

A

shortcuts to help us remember things easier (ex: acronyms, loci, peg-word)

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9
Q

context dependent memory

A

where you learn the info you best remember the info

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10
Q

state-dependent memory

A

the physical state you were in when learning is the way you should be when studying

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11
Q

information processing model

A

sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory

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12
Q

sensory memory

A

stores all incoming stimuli that you receive

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13
Q

iconic memory

A

visual memory

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14
Q

echoic memory

A

auditory memory

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15
Q

short term memory

A

info passes from sensory memory to short term memory

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16
Q

long term memory

A

lasts a lifetime

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17
Q

explicit memory

A

conscious recollection

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18
Q

episodic memory

A

events

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19
Q

semantic memory

A

facts

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20
Q

implicit memory

A

unconscious memory

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21
Q

classical conditioning priming

A

info that is seen earlier “primes” you to remember something later on

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22
Q

procedural

A

skills/muscle memory

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23
Q

hiearchies

A

memory is stores according to a hiearchy

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24
Q

semantic networks

A

linked memories are stored together

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25
Q

schemas

A

preexisting mental concept of how something should look

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26
Q

long term potentiation

A

neural basis of memory; connections are strengthened over time with repeated stimulation

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27
Q

retrieval

A

taking memories out of storage

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28
Q

serial position effect

A

tendency to remember things at the beginning (primacy effect) and end (recency effect) best

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29
Q

flashbulb memory

A

particularly vivid memories for highly important events

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30
Q

encoding failure

A

forget info bc it was never encoded in the first place

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31
Q

forgetting curve

A

recall decreases rapidly at first, then reaches a plateau after which little more is forgotten

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32
Q

proactive interference

A

old info blocks new info

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33
Q

retroactive interference

A

new info blocks old info

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34
Q

misinformation effect

A

distortion of memory by suggestion or misinformation

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35
Q

framing

A

the way a question is worded impacts how information is recalled

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36
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

forget new information

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37
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

forget old info

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38
Q

alzheimers disease

A

caused by destruction of actylcholine in hippocamous

39
Q

phonemes

A

smallest unit of sound (example: ch in chat)

40
Q

morpheme

A

smallest unit that carries meaning (ex: -ed means past tense

41
Q

grammar

A

rules in a language that enable us to communicate

42
Q

semantics

A

set of rules by which we derive meaning

43
Q

syntax

A

rules for combining words into sentences

44
Q

babbling stage

A

1st stage of speech for babies

45
Q

one word stage

A

one word responses from babies

46
Q

two word stage

A

two word responses from babies

47
Q

behavioral theory of language development

A

theory by BF Skinner

learn language through positive reinforcement

48
Q

imitation

A

kids repeat what they hear

49
Q

language acquisition device theory

A

theory by Noam Chomsky

language is innate/biological, we are predisposed to learn

50
Q

critical period

A

period of time where something must be learned or else it can never happen

proved by Genie experiment

51
Q

linguistic determinism

A

theory developed by Whorf

language influences the way we think

52
Q

metacognition

A

reflecting on the way you think

53
Q

concepts

A

mental categories used to group objects, events, and characteristics

54
Q

prototype

A

all instances of a concept are compared to an ideal example (what you first think of)

55
Q

algorithms

A

step by step strategies that guarantee a solution (formula)

56
Q

heuristics

A

mental short cut strategy to solve something

57
Q

representative heuristic

A

make inferences based on past experiences (stereotypes)

58
Q

availability heuristic

A

relying on information that comes quickest to mind to judge the frequency of an event (shark attack example)

59
Q

functional fixedness

A

keep using one strategy-cannot think outside the box

60
Q

belief basis

A

tendency of ones preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasonings by making invalid conclusions

61
Q

belief preservation

A

tendency to cling to our beliefs in the face of a contrary device

62
Q

confirmation bias

A

look for evidence to support what we already believe

63
Q

inductive reasoning

A

general decision made off of a body of observations (specific to general)

64
Q

deductive reasoning

A

specific decision based off of general info (general to specific)

65
Q

divergent thinking

A

ability to think about many different solutions to a problem (creativity)

66
Q

convergent thinking

A

only think of one solution, limited creativity

67
Q

Cattell theory on intelligence

A

2 clusters of mental abilities (crystallized and fluid)

68
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

reasoning and verbal skills (hard intelligence)

increases with age

69
Q

fluid intelligence

A

spatial abilities, abstract thinking

decreases with age

70
Q

Spearman’s G Factor

A

said all general intelligence (g) governs all mental abilities (IQ tests)

71
Q

Gardner Intelligence Theory

A

8 intelligences

linguistic, logical, musical, spatial, bodily, intrapersonal (self), interpersonal (social), naturalist

72
Q

Sternberg Triarchic Theory

A

three different intelligences: analytical, creative, and practical

73
Q

Alfred Binet

A

developed first intelligence tests (Stanford Binet IQ Test)

74
Q

IQ equation

A

IQ= mental age/physical age x 100

75
Q

Weschler

A

invented Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), most commonly used today

76
Q

Flynn Effect

A

IQ has steadily risen over the past 80 years and will continue to rise

77
Q

high IQ

A

above 135

78
Q

low IQ

A

below 70

79
Q

what biological conditions can lead to low IQ?

A

PKU: liver doesn’t produce enzyme to breakdown chemicals, leads to brain damage

Down Syndrome: extra copy of 21st chromosone

Fragile X: higher change in boys

80
Q

Influences on IQ

A

genetics and environment

81
Q

aptitude test

A

predicts ability to learn new skill

82
Q

achievement test

A

tests what you know

83
Q

split half reliability for tests

A

compare two halves of tests

84
Q

test-retest ability for tests

A

use the same test on 2 different occasions

85
Q

content validity in tests

A

test measures what you want it to

86
Q

predictive validity in tests

A

test can accurately predict a trait

87
Q

standard deviation

A

measures how much scores vary from the mean

88
Q

one standard deviation

A

68% of people, 15 points above or below average

89
Q

two standard deviations

A

95% of people, 30 points above or below the average

90
Q

zygote

A

0-14 days after egg is fertilized, cells are dividing

91
Q

embryo

A

up to 9 weeks after egg is fertilized, vitals organs being formed

92
Q

fetus

A

9 weeks-birth, overall development

93
Q

teratogens

A

external agents that can cause abnormal prenatal development

include alcohol, drugs, etc.)

94
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

leads to deformities, mental disability, and death

AP PSYCH CRAM! (9 decks)

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