cognition Flashcards
1
Q
encoding
A
getting info into memory
2
Q
automatic encoding
A
requires no effort
3
Q
effortful encoding
A
requires attention
4
Q
imagery
A
attaching images to information for memory
5
Q
self-reference effect
A
we better remember things that pertain to us in some manner
6
Q
dual encoding
A
combining different types of encoding aids in memory
7
Q
chunking
A
break info into smaller units to aid in memory
8
Q
mnemonics
A
shortcuts to help us remember things easier (ex: acronyms, loci, peg-word)
9
Q
context dependent memory
A
where you learn the info you best remember the info
10
Q
state-dependent memory
A
the physical state you were in when learning is the way you should be when studying
11
Q
information processing model
A
sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory
12
Q
sensory memory
A
stores all incoming stimuli that you receive
13
Q
iconic memory
A
visual memory
14
Q
echoic memory
A
auditory memory
15
Q
short term memory
A
info passes from sensory memory to short term memory
16
Q
long term memory
A
lasts a lifetime
17
Q
explicit memory
A
conscious recollection
18
Q
episodic memory
A
events
19
Q
semantic memory
A
facts
20
Q
implicit memory
A
unconscious memory
21
Q
classical conditioning priming
A
info that is seen earlier “primes” you to remember something later on
22
Q
procedural
A
skills/muscle memory
23
Q
hiearchies
A
memory is stores according to a hiearchy
24
Q
semantic networks
A
linked memories are stored together
25
schemas
preexisting mental concept of how something should look
26
long term potentiation
neural basis of memory; connections are strengthened over time with repeated stimulation
27
retrieval
taking memories out of storage
28
serial position effect
tendency to remember things at the beginning (primacy effect) and end (recency effect) best
29
flashbulb memory
particularly vivid memories for highly important events
30
encoding failure
forget info bc it was never encoded in the first place
31
forgetting curve
recall decreases rapidly at first, then reaches a plateau after which little more is forgotten
32
proactive interference
old info blocks new info
33
retroactive interference
new info blocks old info
34
misinformation effect
distortion of memory by suggestion or misinformation
35
framing
the way a question is worded impacts how information is recalled
36
anterograde amnesia
forget new information
37
retrograde amnesia
forget old info
38
alzheimers disease
caused by destruction of actylcholine in hippocamous
39
phonemes
smallest unit of sound (example: ch in chat)
40
morpheme
smallest unit that carries meaning (ex: -ed means past tense
41
grammar
rules in a language that enable us to communicate
42
semantics
set of rules by which we derive meaning
43
syntax
rules for combining words into sentences
44
babbling stage
1st stage of speech for babies
45
one word stage
one word responses from babies
46
two word stage
two word responses from babies
47
behavioral theory of language development
theory by BF Skinner
learn language through positive reinforcement
48
imitation
kids repeat what they hear
49
language acquisition device theory
theory by Noam Chomsky
language is innate/biological, we are predisposed to learn
50
critical period
period of time where something must be learned or else it can never happen
proved by Genie experiment
51
linguistic determinism
theory developed by Whorf
language influences the way we think
52
metacognition
reflecting on the way you think
53
concepts
mental categories used to group objects, events, and characteristics
54
prototype
all instances of a concept are compared to an ideal example (what you first think of)
55
algorithms
step by step strategies that guarantee a solution (formula)
56
heuristics
mental short cut strategy to solve something
57
representative heuristic
make inferences based on past experiences (stereotypes)
58
availability heuristic
relying on information that comes quickest to mind to judge the frequency of an event (shark attack example)
59
functional fixedness
keep using one strategy-cannot think outside the box
60
belief basis
tendency of ones preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasonings by making invalid conclusions
61
belief preservation
tendency to cling to our beliefs in the face of a contrary device
62
confirmation bias
look for evidence to support what we already believe
63
inductive reasoning
general decision made off of a body of observations (specific to general)
64
deductive reasoning
specific decision based off of general info (general to specific)
65
divergent thinking
ability to think about many different solutions to a problem (creativity)
66
convergent thinking
only think of one solution, limited creativity
67
Cattell theory on intelligence
2 clusters of mental abilities (crystallized and fluid)
68
crystallized intelligence
reasoning and verbal skills (hard intelligence)
increases with age
69
fluid intelligence
spatial abilities, abstract thinking
decreases with age
70
Spearman's G Factor
said all general intelligence (g) governs all mental abilities (IQ tests)
71
Gardner Intelligence Theory
8 intelligences
linguistic, logical, musical, spatial, bodily, intrapersonal (self), interpersonal (social), naturalist
72
Sternberg Triarchic Theory
three different intelligences: analytical, creative, and practical
73
Alfred Binet
developed first intelligence tests (Stanford Binet IQ Test)
74
IQ equation
IQ= mental age/physical age x 100
75
Weschler
invented Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), most commonly used today
76
Flynn Effect
IQ has steadily risen over the past 80 years and will continue to rise
77
high IQ
above 135
78
low IQ
below 70
79
what biological conditions can lead to low IQ?
PKU: liver doesn't produce enzyme to breakdown chemicals, leads to brain damage
Down Syndrome: extra copy of 21st chromosone
Fragile X: higher change in boys
80
Influences on IQ
genetics and environment
81
aptitude test
predicts ability to learn new skill
82
achievement test
tests what you know
83
split half reliability for tests
compare two halves of tests
84
test-retest ability for tests
use the same test on 2 different occasions
85
content validity in tests
test measures what you want it to
86
predictive validity in tests
test can accurately predict a trait
87
standard deviation
measures how much scores vary from the mean
88
one standard deviation
68% of people, 15 points above or below average
89
two standard deviations
95% of people, 30 points above or below the average
90
zygote
0-14 days after egg is fertilized, cells are dividing
91
embryo
up to 9 weeks after egg is fertilized, vitals organs being formed
92
fetus
9 weeks-birth, overall development
93
teratogens
external agents that can cause abnormal prenatal development
include alcohol, drugs, etc.)
94
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
leads to deformities, mental disability, and death
