motivation and personality Flashcards
instinct
complex behaviors have fixed patterns and are not learned
drive reduction
physiological needs create aroused tension (drive) that motivates you to satisfy the need (driven by homeostasis)
primary drive
unlearned drive based on survival (thirst, hunger)
secondary drive
learned drive (wealth or success)
incentive theory
driven by external rewards
intrinsic motivation
inner motivation
extrinsic motivation
motivation to obtain a reward
cognitive dissonance
theory by Festinger
two opposing thoughts conflict with each other causing discomfort which makes us find ways to justify the situation
Yerkes-Dodson Law
humans seek optimum levels of arousal-easier tasks require more arousal, harder tasks require less arousal
Hierarchy of Needs by Maslow
needs lower on the pyramid have priority over ones higher on the pyramid
Maslow’s Pyramid
esteem
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love/belonging
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safety
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physiological
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what does the pancreas regulate
glucose
what does insulin do
decrease glucose
what hormones make us hungry
orexin, grehlin
what hormones make us stop eating
PYY, leptin
what makes you hungry
lateral hypothalamus
what makes us feel full
ventromedial hypothalamus
bulimia
disorder where people go through binging and purging periods
stimulation of hypothalamus leads to what?
sexual behavior
destruction of hypothalamus leads to what?
sexual inhibition
sexual response pattern
cycle of sexual response: excitement, plateau, orgasm, refractory period
Alfred Kinsey
Kinsey scale of homosexuality
James Lange Theory of Emotion
stimulus→ arousal (physical response)→emotion
Canon Bard Theory
stimulus→arousal (physical) and emotion simultaneously
Two Factor Theory
stimulus→arousal→ analysis of emotion
Eckman’s Theory
6 universal emotions (happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, disgust, fear)
non-verbal cues
gestures
facial feedback hypothesis
being forced to smile will make you happier
industrial/organizational psych
science of human behavior in the workplace for recruitment, training, satisfaction
ergonomics/human factors
the study of people’s efficiency in their working environment
Hawthorne Effect
productivity increases when employees feel important
problem-focused coping
solving or doing something to alter the course of stress (ex: acceptance)
emotional focused coping
reducing the emotional distress (ex: denial)
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) by Selye
three phases of stress response
alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Theories of Conflict
idea by Lewin
four approaches to conflict
approach-approach conflict
win-win situation: conflict is which win you have to choose
approach-avoidance conflict
win-lose situation: outcome has positive and negative effects
avoidance avoidance conflict
lose-lose: both outcomes are bad, but you must make a choice
multiple approach avoidance conflict
two or more win-lose situations
Psychodynamic Personality Theory
Idea by Sigmund Freud
personality is largely unconscious
conscious
immediate awareness of current environment
preconsious
available to awareness, can be recalled but aren’t on surface
unconscious
unavailable to awareness
id
hidden, true animalistic wants and desires, operates on pleasure principle
superego
moral conscious
ego
reality principle, mediates between id and superego
when do we use defense mechanisms
when ego cannot mediate between the id and superego
there are 8 defense mechanisms
repression, projection, denial, displacement, reaction formation, regression, rationalization, sublimation
repression
push memories back to unconscious mind
projection
attribute personal shortcomings to fault of others
denial
refuse to acknowledge reality
displacement
shift feelings from an unacceptable object to a more acceptable one (yell at wall instead of person)
reaction formation
transform unacceptable motive into polar opposite (woman afraid of sexual urges becomes a nun)
regression
transforms into an earlier development period in the face of stress (suck thumb when stressed out)
rationalization
replace a less acceptable reasoning with a more acceptable one
sublimation
replace unacceptable impulse with a socially acceptable one (man who is very sexual paints nudes)
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
5 stages of sexual development
includes oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage, and genital stage
oral stage
0-18 months, pleasure focuses on mouth
anal stage
18-36 months, pleasure focuses on eliminative functions (potty training)
phallic stage
3-6 years, pleasure focuses on genitals
oedipal complex
young boys learn to identify with their father
electra complex
young girls identify with their mom because they can’t identify with their dad (penis envy)
latency stage
6 years-puberty, psychic time out, personality is set
genital stage
adulthood, sexual reawakening, turn sexual desires onto other people (stray away from oedipal and electra complexes)
fixation
can becomes “stuck” in an earlier stage, influences personality (example: oral stage is smokers, phallic is promiscuous)
psychoanalysis
analyze a person’s unconscious motives through free association, transference, dream interpretation, and projective tests
free assosciation
say aloud everything that comes to mind without hesitation
transference
looks for feelings to transferred to a psychoanalyst
dream interpretation
analyze the manifest and latent content
projective tests
ambiguous stimuli shown to look at your unconscious motives (example: Rorschach inkblot tests)
Carl Jung
Neofreudian
believed in the collective unconscious (shared inherited reservoir of memory passed on through generations)
Karen Horney
Neofreudian
said that personality develops in context of social relationships, not sexual urges
traits
enduring personality characteristics, people can be described by these
can have strong and weak tendencies
Big Five Personality Theory
Theory by Costa and McRae
said that there are 5 universal traits (Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism (OCEAN))
Openess
imaginative, independent
conscientiousness
organized, helpful, careful, disciplined
extraversion
sociable, fun, affectionate
opposite is introversion
agreeableness
soft, trusting
neuroticism
calm, secure
issues with Big 5 theory
ignores situation in behavior
how do we test big 5 theory?
personality inventories (MMPI test)
Humanistic Approach
emphasized personal growth and free will
self concept
idea by Carl Rogers
idea of who we are
actual self
how others perceive us
ideal self
who you want to be
individualistic cultures
prioritize own goal over group goal
collectivistic cultures
prioritize group goal over own goal
social-cognitive perspective
believed behavior is a complex interaction of inner and environmental factors
emphasizes conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals
Reciprocal Determinism
Idea by Bandura
interaction of behavior, cognitions, and environment make up you
example: Im outgoing (behavior), I choose to teach because I am outgoing (environment), I have thought this through (cognitive)
self-efficacy
belief that one can success, so you ensure you do
internal locus of control
you control your own fate
external locus of control
outside forces control your fate
how do we test social cognitive?
observations and interviews
