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AP PSYCH CRAM! > motivation and personality > Flashcards

motivation and personality Flashcards

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1
Q

instinct

A

complex behaviors have fixed patterns and are not learned

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2
Q

drive reduction

A

physiological needs create aroused tension (drive) that motivates you to satisfy the need (driven by homeostasis)

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3
Q

primary drive

A

unlearned drive based on survival (thirst, hunger)

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4
Q

secondary drive

A

learned drive (wealth or success)

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5
Q

incentive theory

A

driven by external rewards

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6
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

inner motivation

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7
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

motivation to obtain a reward

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8
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

theory by Festinger

two opposing thoughts conflict with each other causing discomfort which makes us find ways to justify the situation

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9
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

humans seek optimum levels of arousal-easier tasks require more arousal, harder tasks require less arousal

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10
Q

Hierarchy of Needs by Maslow

A

needs lower on the pyramid have priority over ones higher on the pyramid

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11
Q

Maslow’s Pyramid

A

esteem
——————
love/belonging
———————-
safety
—————————
physiological
———————————-

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12
Q

what does the pancreas regulate

A

glucose

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13
Q

what does insulin do

A

decrease glucose

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14
Q

what hormones make us hungry

A

orexin, grehlin

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15
Q

what hormones make us stop eating

A

PYY, leptin

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16
Q

what makes you hungry

A

lateral hypothalamus

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17
Q

what makes us feel full

A

ventromedial hypothalamus

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18
Q

bulimia

A

disorder where people go through binging and purging periods

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19
Q

stimulation of hypothalamus leads to what?

A

sexual behavior

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20
Q

destruction of hypothalamus leads to what?

A

sexual inhibition

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21
Q

sexual response pattern

A

cycle of sexual response: excitement, plateau, orgasm, refractory period

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22
Q

Alfred Kinsey

A

Kinsey scale of homosexuality

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23
Q

James Lange Theory of Emotion

A

stimulus→ arousal (physical response)→emotion

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24
Q

Canon Bard Theory

A

stimulus→arousal (physical) and emotion simultaneously

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25
Q

Two Factor Theory

A

stimulus→arousal→ analysis of emotion

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26
Q

Eckman’s Theory

A

6 universal emotions (happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, disgust, fear)

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27
Q

non-verbal cues

A

gestures

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28
Q

facial feedback hypothesis

A

being forced to smile will make you happier

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29
Q

industrial/organizational psych

A

science of human behavior in the workplace for recruitment, training, satisfaction

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30
Q

ergonomics/human factors

A

the study of people’s efficiency in their working environment

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31
Q

Hawthorne Effect

A

productivity increases when employees feel important

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32
Q

problem-focused coping

A

solving or doing something to alter the course of stress (ex: acceptance)

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33
Q

emotional focused coping

A

reducing the emotional distress (ex: denial)

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34
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) by Selye

A

three phases of stress response

alarm, resistance, exhaustion

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35
Q

Theories of Conflict

A

idea by Lewin

four approaches to conflict

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36
Q

approach-approach conflict

A

win-win situation: conflict is which win you have to choose

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37
Q

approach-avoidance conflict

A

win-lose situation: outcome has positive and negative effects

38
Q

avoidance avoidance conflict

A

lose-lose: both outcomes are bad, but you must make a choice

39
Q

multiple approach avoidance conflict

A

two or more win-lose situations

40
Q

Psychodynamic Personality Theory

A

Idea by Sigmund Freud

personality is largely unconscious

41
Q

conscious

A

immediate awareness of current environment

42
Q

preconsious

A

available to awareness, can be recalled but aren’t on surface

43
Q

unconscious

A

unavailable to awareness

44
Q

id

A

hidden, true animalistic wants and desires, operates on pleasure principle

45
Q

superego

A

moral conscious

46
Q

ego

A

reality principle, mediates between id and superego

47
Q

when do we use defense mechanisms

A

when ego cannot mediate between the id and superego

there are 8 defense mechanisms

repression, projection, denial, displacement, reaction formation, regression, rationalization, sublimation

48
Q

repression

A

push memories back to unconscious mind

49
Q

projection

A

attribute personal shortcomings to fault of others

50
Q

denial

A

refuse to acknowledge reality

51
Q

displacement

A

shift feelings from an unacceptable object to a more acceptable one (yell at wall instead of person)

52
Q

reaction formation

A

transform unacceptable motive into polar opposite (woman afraid of sexual urges becomes a nun)

53
Q

regression

A

transforms into an earlier development period in the face of stress (suck thumb when stressed out)

54
Q

rationalization

A

replace a less acceptable reasoning with a more acceptable one

55
Q

sublimation

A

replace unacceptable impulse with a socially acceptable one (man who is very sexual paints nudes)

56
Q

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages

A

5 stages of sexual development

includes oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage, and genital stage

57
Q

oral stage

A

0-18 months, pleasure focuses on mouth

58
Q

anal stage

A

18-36 months, pleasure focuses on eliminative functions (potty training)

59
Q

phallic stage

A

3-6 years, pleasure focuses on genitals

60
Q

oedipal complex

A

young boys learn to identify with their father

61
Q

electra complex

A

young girls identify with their mom because they can’t identify with their dad (penis envy)

62
Q

latency stage

A

6 years-puberty, psychic time out, personality is set

63
Q

genital stage

A

adulthood, sexual reawakening, turn sexual desires onto other people (stray away from oedipal and electra complexes)

64
Q

fixation

A

can becomes “stuck” in an earlier stage, influences personality (example: oral stage is smokers, phallic is promiscuous)

65
Q

psychoanalysis

A

analyze a person’s unconscious motives through free association, transference, dream interpretation, and projective tests

66
Q

free assosciation

A

say aloud everything that comes to mind without hesitation

67
Q

transference

A

looks for feelings to transferred to a psychoanalyst

68
Q

dream interpretation

A

analyze the manifest and latent content

69
Q

projective tests

A

ambiguous stimuli shown to look at your unconscious motives (example: Rorschach inkblot tests)

70
Q

Carl Jung

A

Neofreudian

believed in the collective unconscious (shared inherited reservoir of memory passed on through generations)

71
Q

Karen Horney

A

Neofreudian

said that personality develops in context of social relationships, not sexual urges

72
Q

traits

A

enduring personality characteristics, people can be described by these

can have strong and weak tendencies

73
Q

Big Five Personality Theory

A

Theory by Costa and McRae

said that there are 5 universal traits (Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism (OCEAN))

74
Q

Openess

A

imaginative, independent

75
Q

conscientiousness

A

organized, helpful, careful, disciplined

76
Q

extraversion

A

sociable, fun, affectionate

opposite is introversion

77
Q

agreeableness

A

soft, trusting

78
Q

neuroticism

A

calm, secure

79
Q

issues with Big 5 theory

A

ignores situation in behavior

80
Q

how do we test big 5 theory?

A

personality inventories (MMPI test)

81
Q

Humanistic Approach

A

emphasized personal growth and free will

82
Q

self concept

A

idea by Carl Rogers

idea of who we are

83
Q

actual self

A

how others perceive us

84
Q

ideal self

A

who you want to be

85
Q

individualistic cultures

A

prioritize own goal over group goal

86
Q

collectivistic cultures

A

prioritize group goal over own goal

87
Q

social-cognitive perspective

A

believed behavior is a complex interaction of inner and environmental factors

emphasizes conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals

88
Q

Reciprocal Determinism

A

Idea by Bandura

interaction of behavior, cognitions, and environment make up you

example: Im outgoing (behavior), I choose to teach because I am outgoing (environment), I have thought this through (cognitive)

89
Q

self-efficacy

A

belief that one can success, so you ensure you do

90
Q

internal locus of control

A

you control your own fate

91
Q

external locus of control

A

outside forces control your fate

92
Q

how do we test social cognitive?

A

observations and interviews

AP PSYCH CRAM! (9 decks)

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