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AP PSYCH CRAM! > motivation and personality > Flashcards

motivation and personality Flashcards

1
Q

instinct

A

complex behaviors have fixed patterns and are not learned

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2
Q

drive reduction

A

physiological needs create aroused tension (drive) that motivates you to satisfy the need (driven by homeostasis)

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3
Q

primary drive

A

unlearned drive based on survival (thirst, hunger)

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4
Q

secondary drive

A

learned drive (wealth or success)

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5
Q

incentive theory

A

driven by external rewards

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6
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

inner motivation

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7
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

motivation to obtain a reward

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8
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

theory by Festinger

two opposing thoughts conflict with each other causing discomfort which makes us find ways to justify the situation

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9
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

humans seek optimum levels of arousal-easier tasks require more arousal, harder tasks require less arousal

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10
Q

Hierarchy of Needs by Maslow

A

needs lower on the pyramid have priority over ones higher on the pyramid

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11
Q

Maslow’s Pyramid

A

esteem
——————
love/belonging
———————-
safety
—————————
physiological
———————————-

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12
Q

what does the pancreas regulate

A

glucose

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13
Q

what does insulin do

A

decrease glucose

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14
Q

what hormones make us hungry

A

orexin, grehlin

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15
Q

what hormones make us stop eating

A

PYY, leptin

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16
Q

what makes you hungry

A

lateral hypothalamus

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17
Q

what makes us feel full

A

ventromedial hypothalamus

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18
Q

bulimia

A

disorder where people go through binging and purging periods

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19
Q

stimulation of hypothalamus leads to what?

A

sexual behavior

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20
Q

destruction of hypothalamus leads to what?

A

sexual inhibition

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21
Q

sexual response pattern

A

cycle of sexual response: excitement, plateau, orgasm, refractory period

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22
Q

Alfred Kinsey

A

Kinsey scale of homosexuality

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23
Q

James Lange Theory of Emotion

A

stimulus→ arousal (physical response)→emotion

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24
Q

Canon Bard Theory

A

stimulus→arousal (physical) and emotion simultaneously

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25
Two Factor Theory
stimulus→arousal→ analysis of emotion
26
Eckman's Theory
6 universal emotions (happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, disgust, fear)
27
non-verbal cues
gestures
28
facial feedback hypothesis
being forced to smile will make you happier
29
industrial/organizational psych
science of human behavior in the workplace for recruitment, training, satisfaction
30
ergonomics/human factors
the study of people's efficiency in their working environment
31
Hawthorne Effect
productivity increases when employees feel important
32
problem-focused coping
solving or doing something to alter the course of stress (ex: acceptance)
33
emotional focused coping
reducing the emotional distress (ex: denial)
34
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) by Selye
three phases of stress response alarm, resistance, exhaustion
35
Theories of Conflict
idea by Lewin four approaches to conflict
36
approach-approach conflict
win-win situation: conflict is which win you have to choose
37
approach-avoidance conflict
win-lose situation: outcome has positive and negative effects
38
avoidance avoidance conflict
lose-lose: both outcomes are bad, but you must make a choice
39
multiple approach avoidance conflict
two or more win-lose situations
40
Psychodynamic Personality Theory
Idea by Sigmund Freud personality is largely unconscious
41
conscious
immediate awareness of current environment
42
preconsious
available to awareness, can be recalled but aren't on surface
43
unconscious
unavailable to awareness
44
id
hidden, true animalistic wants and desires, operates on pleasure principle
45
superego
moral conscious
46
ego
reality principle, mediates between id and superego
47
when do we use defense mechanisms
when ego cannot mediate between the id and superego there are 8 defense mechanisms repression, projection, denial, displacement, reaction formation, regression, rationalization, sublimation
48
repression
push memories back to unconscious mind
49
projection
attribute personal shortcomings to fault of others
50
denial
refuse to acknowledge reality
51
displacement
shift feelings from an unacceptable object to a more acceptable one (yell at wall instead of person)
52
reaction formation
transform unacceptable motive into polar opposite (woman afraid of sexual urges becomes a nun)
53
regression
transforms into an earlier development period in the face of stress (suck thumb when stressed out)
54
rationalization
replace a less acceptable reasoning with a more acceptable one
55
sublimation
replace unacceptable impulse with a socially acceptable one (man who is very sexual paints nudes)
56
Freud's Psychosexual Stages
5 stages of sexual development includes oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage, and genital stage
57
oral stage
0-18 months, pleasure focuses on mouth
58
anal stage
18-36 months, pleasure focuses on eliminative functions (potty training)
59
phallic stage
3-6 years, pleasure focuses on genitals
60
oedipal complex
young boys learn to identify with their father
61
electra complex
young girls identify with their mom because they can't identify with their dad (penis envy)
62
latency stage
6 years-puberty, psychic time out, personality is set
63
genital stage
adulthood, sexual reawakening, turn sexual desires onto other people (stray away from oedipal and electra complexes)
64
fixation
can becomes "stuck" in an earlier stage, influences personality (example: oral stage is smokers, phallic is promiscuous)
65
psychoanalysis
analyze a person's unconscious motives through free association, transference, dream interpretation, and projective tests
66
free assosciation
say aloud everything that comes to mind without hesitation
67
transference
looks for feelings to transferred to a psychoanalyst
68
dream interpretation
analyze the manifest and latent content
69
projective tests
ambiguous stimuli shown to look at your unconscious motives (example: Rorschach inkblot tests)
70
Carl Jung
Neofreudian believed in the collective unconscious (shared inherited reservoir of memory passed on through generations)
71
Karen Horney
Neofreudian said that personality develops in context of social relationships, not sexual urges
72
traits
enduring personality characteristics, people can be described by these can have strong and weak tendencies
73
Big Five Personality Theory
Theory by Costa and McRae said that there are 5 universal traits (Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism (OCEAN))
74
Openess
imaginative, independent
75
conscientiousness
organized, helpful, careful, disciplined
76
extraversion
sociable, fun, affectionate opposite is introversion
77
agreeableness
soft, trusting
78
neuroticism
calm, secure
79
issues with Big 5 theory
ignores situation in behavior
80
how do we test big 5 theory?
personality inventories (MMPI test)
81
Humanistic Approach
emphasized personal growth and free will
82
self concept
idea by Carl Rogers idea of who we are
83
actual self
how others perceive us
84
ideal self
who you want to be
85
individualistic cultures
prioritize own goal over group goal
86
collectivistic cultures
prioritize group goal over own goal
87
social-cognitive perspective
believed behavior is a complex interaction of inner and environmental factors emphasizes conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals
88
Reciprocal Determinism
Idea by Bandura interaction of behavior, cognitions, and environment make up you example: Im outgoing (behavior), I choose to teach because I am outgoing (environment), I have thought this through (cognitive)
89
self-efficacy
belief that one can success, so you ensure you do
90
internal locus of control
you control your own fate
91
external locus of control
outside forces control your fate
92
how do we test social cognitive?
observations and interviews

AP PSYCH CRAM! (9 decks)

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