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AP PSYCH CRAM! > Biological Basis > Flashcards

Biological Basis Flashcards

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1
Q

neurons

A

basic cell of nervous system

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2
Q

dendrites

A

receive signals on nerve

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3
Q

soma

A

cell body

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4
Q

axon

A

signals travel down, “tail”

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5
Q

myelin sheath

A

“pillows” around axon, protect axon

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6
Q

terminals

A

release neurotransmitters

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7
Q

synapse

A

gap between neurons

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8
Q

action potential

A

movement of Na and K ions across membrane send an electrical charge down axon (moment of spike)

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9
Q

all or none law

A

a neuron either goes into full action potential or doesn’t

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10
Q

refractory period

A

neuron must rest and reset before it can send another action potential (toilet)

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11
Q

sensory neurons

A

recieve signals

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12
Q

afferent neurons

A

accept signals

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13
Q

motor neurons

A

send signals

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14
Q

efferent neurons

A

signal exits

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15
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal chord

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16
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

rest of nervous system

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17
Q

somatic nervous system

A

voluntary movement, in periphreal ns

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18
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary movement, in ns

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19
Q

sympathetic ns

A

arouses the body, fight/flight system

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20
Q

parasympathetic ns

A

established homeostasis after a sympathetic response

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21
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals released in a synaptic gap, send signals to neurotransmitters

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22
Q

seratonin

A

regulates mood, too little linked with depression

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23
Q

acetylcholine

A

memory and muscle movement, too little linked with alzheimers

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24
Q

GABA

A

inhibatory, calming, too little and too much can lead to insomnia and seizures

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25
Q

glutamate

A

An excitatory neurotransmitter found in MSG, increased levels may cause migraines.

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26
Q

dopamine

A

major excitatory nt, triggered by attention grabbing experiences. too much leads to parkinson’s, too little leads to schizophrenia

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26
Q

norepinephrine

A

secreted by adrenal glands, sympathetic nervous system arousal

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27
Q

reuptakes

A

unused neurotransmitters are taken back up into the sending neuron

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28
Q

cerebellum

A

movement/balance

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29
Q

medulla

A

vital organs

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30
Q

pons

A

highway between brain and brain stem, relays information about motor functions

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31
Q

reticular formation

A

alertness, in a coma if severed

32
Q

limbic system

A

high levels of sensory processing

33
Q

amygdala

A

emotions, fear

34
Q

hippocampus

A

memory

35
Q

hypothalamus

A

reward/pleasure, eating behaviors

36
Q

thalamus

A

relay center for all senses but smell

37
Q

cerebral cortex

A

higher order through processes

38
Q

occiptial lobe

A

vision

39
Q

frontal lobe

A

decision making, planning, judgement, movement, personality

40
Q

parietal lobe

A

sensations

41
Q

temporal lobe

A

hearing and face recognition

42
Q

somasensory cortex

A

map of our sensory receptors, in parietal lobe

43
Q

motor cortex

A

map of our motor receptors, located in frontal lobe

44
Q

broca’s area

A

speech production

45
Q

wernicke’s area

A

speech comprehension

46
Q

corpus callosum

A

bundle of nerves that connects right and left hemispheres-sometimes severed for patients with severe seizures

47
Q

brain plasticity

A

brain can “heal” itself and brain is malleable

48
Q

twin studies on nature versus nurture

A

study done on fraternal and identical twins to test nature versus nurture; found that identical twins raised in different environments showed differences

49
Q

endocrine system

A

sends hormones through body

50
Q

pituitary gland

A

controlled by hypothalamus, release growth hormones

51
Q

adrenal glands

A

related to sympathetic NS; releases adrenaline

52
Q

higher level state of consciousness

A

controlled processes, totally aware

53
Q

lower level state of consiousness

A

automatic processing, but not fully normal

54
Q

altered state of consiousness

A

produced through drugs, fatigue, hypnosis

55
Q

subconsious

A

part of mind in which one is not fully aware

56
Q

beta waves (sleep)

A

waves sent went awake

57
Q

alpha waves

A

high amplitude, sent during drowsy stage

58
Q

stage 1 of sleep

A

light sleep, NREM

59
Q

stage 2 of sleep

A

bursts of sleep spindles

60
Q

stage 3 of sleep

A

delta waves sent, deep sleep

61
Q

rapid eye movement (REM)

A

dreaming, cognitive processes

62
Q

how long is sleep cycle?

A

entire cycle takes 90 minutes, REM occurs in between each cycle

REM lasts longer throughout the night

63
Q

circadian rhythm

A

24 hour biological clock

regulates body temperature, sleep, causes jet lag

64
Q

insomia

A

inability to fall asleep

65
Q

sleep walking/talking

A

caused by drugs, alcohol, and fatigue, does not occur during REM sleep

66
Q

night terrors

A

extreme nightmares, not in REM sleep

67
Q

narcolepsy

A

fall asleep out of nowhere (Jinx Monsoon)

68
Q

sleep apnea

A

stop breathing suddenly in sleep

69
Q

Freud’s Unconscious Wish Fulfillment Theory

A

dreaming is gratification of unconscious desires and needs

70
Q

latent content in dreams

A

hidden meaning, apart of Freud’s theory

71
Q

manifest content

A

obvious meaning, apart of Freud’s theory

72
Q

depressant drugs

A

alcohol, barbiturates, tranquilizers, narcotics

decrease sympathetic NS activation, highly addictive

73
Q

stimulants

A

cocaine, caffeine, nicotine

increase sympathetic NS activation, highly addictive

74
Q

hallucinogins

A

LSD, Marijuana

causes hallucinations, less addictive

75
Q

tolerance

A

needing more of a drug to achieve the same results

76
Q

dependence

A

become addicted to drug

77
Q

withdrawl

A

psychological and physiological symptoms associated with sudden stoppage

AP PSYCH CRAM! (9 decks)

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