Science - Term 1 + 2nd half Flashcards
Pestle and mortar
A dish and grinder that are used to grind up the larger solids in the solution.
Conical flask
A type of laboratory flask which features a flat bottom, a conical body, and a cylindrical neck.
Filter Paper
A sheet of paper that is used to filter out liquids and keep the solid particles that can be very small.
Gauze
It is a metal net that is put on the tripod to put help support the evaporating basin.
Tripod
A stand that has the substance that you want to heat on it.
Anti-Bumping Granules
To make the liquid boil smoothly - small bubbles of vapour form on the corners of the granules and reduce the risk of the liquid boiling over.
Thermostate
A scientific instrument that is used to measure the temperature of the
Distillation flask
This is the flask that contains the liquid that has not yet been distiled.
Condenser
A centre tube surrounded by a jacket of cold water.
Distilate
Pure substance.
Solution
The two substance that are dissolved in each other.
Filter
A wide mouthed bowl that is used to pour liquids into smaller spaces.
Solid Residue
The left over solid that is present after filteration.
Filtrate
A substance that has been filtered.
Evaporating basin
It is a bowl that can withstand higher temperatures. It is put on the gauze on the tripod to heat the substance in it.
Beaker
A cup shaped substance that stores substances
Distillation
It is a a method of separating mixtures of liquids, based on their boiling points.
3 states of matter
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Particles
The smallest form of matter.
Atom
Atoms are the tiny partials that make up everything.
All mater is made of them and they are very small. They cannot be broken down. Each element has its own type of atom.
Electrons
- Negatively charged.
- Has a relative atomic mass of nearly 0.
- They are found on the shell.
- Same number of protons and electrons as they have a neutral charge.
Protons
- Positively charged.
- Same number of protons and electrons as they have a neutral charge.
- Relative atomic mass of 1.
- Found in the nucleus.
Neutrons
- Charge of 0.
- Has a relative atomic mass of 1.
- Found in the nucleus.
Electron shells
- Electrons orbit the nucleus at set distance and set energy levels.
Subatomic particles
Their existence was proven by the cathode ray experiment. They are particles smaller than the atom, found inside atoms.
Atomic Mass (Relative Atomic Mass)
The number of Protons and Neutrons.
Mass of the nucleus.
It is the mass of the nucleus that takes into account all the isotopes of the element.
Atomic Number
The number of Protons (as well as the number of electrons).
Isotopes
An atom of the same element but different number of neutrons.
Examples of isotopes
6 Protons = 3
Li Neutrons = 3
3 Electrons = 3
7 Protons = 3
Li Neutrons = 4
3 Electrons = 3
8 Protons = 3
Li Neutrons = 5
3 Electrons = 3
Electrons = Protons
Same number of Protons as Electrons as there must be a neutral charge.
Ion
Different/ more or less number of electrons than protons.
RAM
Relative Atomic Mass
A^r
The mean mass of an element that takes into account all the isotopes of that element.
Weighted
Takes into account the abundance of each isotope.
Abundance
Lots of something.
RAM formula
(Abundance of isotope 1 X mass of isotope) + (Abundance of isotope 2 X mass of isotope)
____________________________
100
Nobel Gases
- Group 1
- They do not react with anything
What is the History of the Periodic Table?
- In the 1870s Mendeleev ordered the elements in a table. They were arranged in order of atomic mass (increasing from left to right). They were also grouped by their properties. And he also left space for undiscovered elements.
- Mosely used x-ray analysis to show that elements properties are lined to atomic numbers.
Period
From left to right. The rows. They are arranged in order of the periodic number.
Groups
Vertical columns, in which element have the same properties.
Solid
Particles are tightly packed in a regular pattern. They keep their shape and vibrate in fixed positions.
Solid + liquid mixture
Particles absorb heat energy and break the attraction forces. Particles start to move.
Liquid
The particles are randomly arranged touching with space between. They take the shape of the container. They flow and particles move in any direction.
liquid + gas mixture
Gaps between particles increase, they are moving randomly. They move around each other and change direction where they when they change a wall or hit one another.
Gas
Particles are randomly arranged and not touching. It occupies all the space. They move freely in all directions except when they bash into each other or the walls.
Room temperature
20 degrees Celsius
What are the scientific instruments involved in filtration?
- Filter paper
- Suspension
- Solid residue
- Filter funnel
- Filtrate
- Pestle and Mortar
What are the scientific instruments involved in crystalisation?
- Filtrate
- Evaporating Basin
- Boiling water
- Gauze
- Tripod
Distillation
It is a method of separating mixtures of liquids based on their boiling points.
Extracting and purifying a solvent from a solution.
Fractional distilation
The separating of a mixture made of two or more substances. Each substance is collected separately depending on which has a lower boiling point and is therefor evapourating.
Paper chromatography
It is the separation method that separates coloured solutes from a solution.
It is used to separate inks, paints or food colouring.
What are the scientific instruments involved in paper chromotography
- Filter paper
- Pencil
- For Solvent line
- For Start line - Ruler
- For Solvent line
- For Start line - Coloured pens with ink, no pencil.
R^f value
Distance moved by the spot
_____________________________
Distance moved by the solvent
Mobile Phase
This phase is made of the solvent and the solute (colours).
Stationary phase
This is the phase where made of the filter paper and a bowl.
What happens to inks that are more soluble?
They travel to the highest level that the ink reaches.
What happens to inks that are less soluble?
The don’t rise as high as more soluble inks.
What happens if it doesn’t say what decimal point to put a number with lots of numbers after the decimal (e.g. 2.486…)?
You put it to 2 decimal points
