Geography Term 1 Flashcards
Conservative plate margin
A plate margin where two plates are moving alongside each other.
Constructive plate margin
A plate margin where two plates are moving away from each other.
Continental crust
The thinker, less dense crust that makes up the continents.
Convection current
The movement of a fluid caused by a difference in temperature or density.
Destructive plate margin.
A plate margin where two plates are moving towards each other.
Hotspot
An area where unusually hot magma breaks through the middle of a plate and travels up the surface, creating a volcano.
Immediate responses
Action taken as soon as the hazard happens an in its immediate aftermath (hours, days and potentially a week or so after the event).
Long-term responses
Actions taken after the immediate responses when the effects of a hazard have been minimised (weeks, moths and years after the event).
Magma
Molten rock found beneath the Earth’s surfce
Mantle
The area underneatht he crust which contains magma.
Oceanic crust
The thinner, denser crust that makes up the ocean floor.
Plate margin
The point at which two plates meet.
Subduction
A process that occurs at a destructive plate margin when a plate is pushed below another plate, forcing it to sink into the mantle.
Tectonic plates
Large slabs of the Earth’s crust that sit and move on top of the liquid mantle.
Tsunami
A large wave caused by a large amount of water being displace when plates move.
Features of a developing country
- Lots of electrics
- Schools
- Lost of job opportunities
- Lower population
- More cars
- Better transport
- Better diet
- More hospitals
- Good housing
- Good sanitation
Features of an under developed country
- Carb and veg based diet
- Agriculture based diet
- Backwards industrial sector
- Less electricals
- Few schools
-Few job opportunities - Poor sanitation
- Bad housing
- Less hospitals
- Bad transport
- Less cars
- More people
What is development in geography?
Development is a process of change whereby people’s lives get better.
HIC
High
Income
Country
LIC
Low
Income
Country
NEE
Newly
Emerging
Economy
Life expectancy at birth
The average number of years to be lived by a group of people born in the country.
Infant mortality
The number of infants that don’t live to their first birthday.
Education expenditure
% of GDP spend on education.
Birth rate
Number of live babies born per 1000 people, per year.
GNI per capita
The total income received by the country from its residents and businesses regardless of weather they are located in the country or abroad divided by the total population.
Fertility rate
Average number of children that would be born per women if all the women lived to the end of their child bearing age.
Labour force by occupation
Percentage of people employed in each sector.
Median age
This the average age of the population if you add all the ages of all the people in the country together then divide it by the number of people.
Indicator of development
They give an indication about how well developed a country is but each only by itself does not show anything.
What do each of the legs on the stool of development show?
Economic
Social
Environmental
What are the three indicator for the Human Development index?
- Adult literacy
- Life expectancy
- GDP per capita
How does the Human development index work?
Each country is given a score between 1 and 0 and the closer to 1 the score is the move developed the country is.
How should life expectancy look in a HIC and why?
High.
Better healthcare and homes as well as vaccinations, clean water and a good diet.
How should birth rate look in a HIC?
Low.
Better family planning, children cannot work and must go to school which is expensive, children are expensive and women have careers.
How should Infant mortality be in a HIC?
Low
There is better healthcare and sanitation, there is also vaccinations and a well cared for aging population .
How should the fertility rate be in a HIC?
Low
Better maternal care.
How could the GNI per capita be in a HIC?
High
Better education and therefore higher paid careers.
How should the median age be in a HIC?
High
People live longer as there is better medical care and a well cared for aging population.
Scatter graph
Graphs that show a correlation between 2 or more sets of data.
Correlation
A link
What is the development gap?
The difference in standard of living and wellbeing between the world’s richest and poorest countries.
What are the causes of the development gap?
- Landlocked
- Extreme weather
- Climate related diseases and pests
- Supply of clean water
- Manufacturing
- Struggles with gaining independence
- Exporting primary products
How does being landlocked caused the development gap?
- Sea trade
- important to economic growth
How does extreme weather cause the development gap?
- It is expensive to protect the area and rebuild after a disaster.
How did climate related diseases and pests cause the development gap?
Can destroy a countries livestock and are premature deaths in humans reducing the workforce.
How does the supplies of clean water cause the development gap?
Having to travel to get clean water results in less time to work and go to school.
Dirty water can cause illness and gain impact on the economy.
This could cause both human and physical. In areas with low rainfall it is a physical feature but in some areas it is a human issues due to lack of adequate infrastructure.
How did manufacturing issues cause the development gag?
Many low income countries rely on manufacturing to make money. This is often low skilled and low paid. The rich countries keep the costs down by making products in LICs and NEEs and the profit returns to the HICs.
How does struggles with gaining independence cause the development gap?
As LIC and NEE countries were often once colonies they can struggle with gaining independence. This can lead to civil wars and struggles for power. Corrupt political system and fallout from war can have a devastating impact on a countries ability to develop its own economy.
How does exporting primary products cause the development gap?
Exporting primary products tends to be one of the ways in which LIC countries make money. This is a volatile market and prices rise and fall very often. This makes it difficult to develop as they are unsure of future profits.
Also supply and demand for raw materials.
What is bottoms up aid?
Aid/development funded and carried out by NGOs in co-operation with local communities.
NGOs
Non - Government Organisation
What do NGOs do?
NGOs ask local communities what they want to ensure they meet their needs.
What is the goat aid in Tanzania do?
After talking to villagers about their needs Farm Africa and NGO imported goats costing £400 each. In total £200, 000 was invested. This occurred between 1999 and 2006. Toggenburger goats were choose because they produce 3 litres of milk a day. The owners were trained on how to care for the goats.
What are the advantages of Toggenburger goats?
- Provides milk which can improve people’s health and ability to go to school and work.
- Manure can be used as fertilizer which improved crop yields and meant farmer could sell excess and make more money.
- Goats bread more easily which means they can be sold for money.
- Milk can be made into cheese and butter to be sold.
What are the disadvantages of Toggenburger goats?
- Goats require lots of water which is scare.
- Goats hooves and grazing can lead to over gazing and lead to desertification.
- Vet bills can be expensive.
Why are food, energy and water the most important resources in the world?
Some LICs have resource insecurities because their lack of food, water or energy is preventing them from developing. Their resource security in HICs, which enables them to make money and for people to have a good standard of living.
Rescources
Something that have a value or purpose, such as food, water or energy.
Resource insecurity
Lack of resources like food, water and energy.
How thick is the Oceanic crust?
6-10km
What is the composition of the oceanic crust?
Basalt
How dense is the oceanic crust?
Dene
How thick is the continental crust?
70km
What is the composition of the continental crust?
Granite
How dense is the continental crust?
Less dense
Tell me about the inner core.
The inner core is at the centre of the Earth. It is made up of solid metals - mostly iron and nickel. It is also the hottest part of the Earth, with temperatures reaching 5500 degrees Celsius. With this immense heat energy, the inner core is like the engine room of the Earth.
Tell me about the outer core.
The outer core surrounds the inner core. It is a liquid layer, made up of iron and nickel. This layer is still extremely hot, with temperatures similar to those found in the inner core.
Tell me about the mantle.
The mantle is the widest layer of the Earth, with a thickness of approximately 2900 kilometres. The mantle is made up of semi-molten rock called magma. In the upper parts of the mantle the rock is hard, but lower down the rock is soft and beginning to melt.
Tell me about the crust.
The crust is the outermost layer of the Earth. This is a thin layer, between 0-60 kilometres thick. This is made up of solid rock, and is the layer which we live.
Why do the Earth’s tectonic plates move?
The theory of convection suggests that magma is rising in the mantle as it is heated and then sinks back towards the core when it cools.
As the currents move beneath the plates they build up lateral pressure and carry the plates with them.
What is a tectonic plate?
A large section of the earth’s crust.
What is an oceanic crust?
Thin and dense.
What is a continental crust?
It is thick and less dense than the oceanic crust.
What are the two main types of tectonic plates?
- Oceanic crusty
- Continental crust
What causes an earthquake?
It is caused by rocks suddenly shifting.
What causes a volcano?
Forms when liquid rock bursts out through Earth’s hard surface.
Constructive plate boundaries
= As two plates move apart, new oceanic plates are constructed.
- You get
- volcanoes
- Small earthquakes. - e.g.
- Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Destructive plate boundries
= Plate is destroyed - Oceanic plate is subducted down into the mantle.
- You get
- Violent volcanoes
- Enormous Earthquakes - e.g.
- Nazca plate
- South American plate
Conservative plate boundaries
= Two plates moving past each other either different directions or different speeds.
- You get
- No volcanoes
- Earthquakes - e.g.
- San Andreas, California
Collision plate boundries
= Two continental plates meet. Same density, so no subduction. Two plates push up when they collide.
- e.g.
- No volcanoes
- Earthquakes
What is a focus?
The point of origin of the earthquake.
The place in the Earth where rocks were moving.
What is the epicentre?
The point on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus.
The point at the strength above the focus.
What is a seismic wave?
Energy released by the Earthquake.
What is the richer scale?
The scale on which the strength of the Earthquake is measured.
What does magnitude mean?
How strong an Earthquake is.
What is an after-shock?
Small Earthquake after the main large one.
What is a seismometer?
An instrument to measure the strength of an Earthquake.
How do Earthquakes happen?
- Earthquakes occur at the plate margins.
- As the plates move past each other at the margins the movement is not smooth.
- The plate sometimes lock, causing pressure to build up.
- This pressure is suddenly released in a jerky movement.
- This release of pressure is called an Earthquake.
What is formed by convergent plate boundries?
- Mountains
- Trenches
- Volcanoes
What is formed by divergent plate boundries?
- Ridge
- Rift valley
What is formed by transform plate boundries?
- Earthquake
- Fault
How many layers are there in the Earth?
3
What are the names of each of the Earth’s layers?
- The core
- The mantle
- The crust
What does the plate tectonic theory show?
That they Earth’s crust is split into plates.
What does the movement of the Earth’s tectonic plates lead to?
- Earthquakes
- Volcanoes
Where is Haiti?
South America
What is the island that Haiti is on called?
Hispaniola
What is the other part of Hispaniola calle?
The Dominican Republic
What is the capital of Haiti called?
Port au Prince
Volcano
Typically a cone shaped landform with a broad base and narrow top, where lava erupts at Earth’s surface.
Crater
The bowl shaped top of a volcano.
Magma
Melted rock below Earth’s surface.
Lava
Magma that erupts above ground.
Vent
A channel through which magma travels to reach Earth’s surface.
Hot spot
Small areas where Earth’s crust that hot magma melts and breaks the rock above it, often building up over time to form an island.
What happens inside a volcano?
Deep below the grounds surface is a magma chamber. Magma rises through a pipe called the vent. At the top of the vent is a volcanic crater. Magma reaches the ground surface to form lava which flows down the sided of the volcano.
Ash cloud
Fine particles of ash blasted many kilometres into the atmosphere.
What are the hazards of the ash cloud
- Disrupts air transport
- Smooth farmland
- Can suffocate people and animals
Lava
Liquid magma on the ground suface
What are the hazards of lava?
- Moves slowly but cools quickly
- Extremely hot and runny
- Can destroy property, forests and roads
Pyroclastic Flow
A deadly mixture of burning rocks, ash and gas that surges very quickly down the volcanoes’ sides.
What are the hazards of pyroclastic flow?
- Extremely dangerous
- Destroys everything in it’s path.
