English - What to include in Narrative (Imaginative), Descriptive, and Transactional Writing (Persuasive Writing) and identify in Language and Literature texts Flashcards
Colon
Used for a list or emphasis.
E.g. He found a lot of old junk: toys, books and pictures.
Jim was jealous: Bob got all the attention.
Semi-colon
Used in the place of a full stop between two complete sentences
E.g. I ran for the bus; it left without me. School is out for the summer; _______ starts again in August.
Exclamation Mark
Used with short sentence for effect and/or to show excitement or anger.
E.g. Run! He was crying I’m scared
Question maek
Try to always use with a rhetorical question.
Brackets
Use for added info. Must be short - try not to make more than 2-4 words.
E.g. Joe (not Judy) barged into the room. Her older sister (who is 16) loves to drive. Joe, not Judy, barged into the room. Her older sister, who is 16, loves to drive. The cat, which is black and white, loves fish.
Commas
These must be used correctly when making a list using a compound and complex sentence, including additional information. Introduction: However, Therefore
Ellipsis
Used when deliberately missing information and or to create a cliff hanger.
E.g. I slowly opened the door and suddenly…, It seems like this nightmare will last forever…., Will they…… Dialogue: She yelled, “Don’t go there…um..um…it’s dangerous.”
Speech marks
Used to show someone is talking or made a statement. Punctuation at the end of speech is placed inside the final speech make.
Dash
Makes off extra information for emphasis.
E.g. She was special- very kind. He was angry- very angry.
Rule 1 to punctuate quotations
Use double quotation makes to set off a direct (word-for-word) quotation
Rule 2a to punctuate quotations
Always capitalize the first word in a complete quotation, even midsentence.
Rule 2b to punctuate quotations
Do not capitalize quoted material that continues a sentence.
Rule 3a to punctuate quotations
Use commas to introduce or interrupt direct quotations of dialogue or text.
Rule 3b to punctuate quotations
If the quotation comes before he said, she quote, they reported, Dana insisted or a similar attribution, end the quoted material with a comma, even if it is only one word.
Rule 3c to punctuate quotations
If a quotation functions as a subject or object in a sentence, it might not need a comma.
Rule 4 to punctuate quotations
Periods and commas ALWAYS go inside quotation marks.
Rule 5a to punctuate quotations
The placemebt of question makes with quotation makes follow logic. If a question is with in the quoted material, a question mark should be placed inside the quotation marks.
What are the uses of apostrophes?
- To show possession.
- The indicate that letters have been removed from the original words in the process of forming contractions.
How do you form a compound sentence?
With one of the FANBOYS
For
And
Nor
But
Or
Yet
So
How do you use a complex sentence?
A complex sentence consists of a main clause (a complete or independent sentence) with one or more subordinate clauses (an incomplete or dependant sentence that cannot stand on its own).
What punctuation is used to introduce a list or emphasize a point?
Colon :
Example: He found a lot of old junk: toys, books, and pictures.
What punctuation can be used in place of a full stop between two related complete sentences?
Semi-colon ;
Example: I ran for the bus; it left without me.
What punctuation is used to show excitement or anger?
Exclamation Mark !
Example: Run! He was crying! I’m scared!
What punctuation is used at the end of a question?
Question Mark ?
What is the function of brackets [ ] in a sentence?
To provide additional information.
How do you show possession using an apostrophe?
Use an apostrophe + S (‘s) for singular nouns.
What is the rule for forming the possessive of plural nouns that already end in ‘s’?
Place the apostrophe after the ‘s’.
What is a compound sentence?
A sentence with at least two independent clauses joined by a conjunction.
What conjunctions are commonly used to join independent clauses in a compound sentence?
for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS)
What is a short sentence for effect?
A sentence that conveys a strong emotion or statement, e.g., He left!
What constitutes a complex sentence?
A main clause with one or more subordinate clauses.
What should be checked to ensure additional information is correctly used in a sentence?
Remove the additional information; the sentence should still make sense.
Provide an example of a specific sentence form that emphasizes a point.
Not only is smoking dangerous for your health, it is also an expensive habit.
What are some examples of words used to change topics in writing?
With regard to…, concerning…
What is the purpose of using adverbs ending in ‘ly’ at the start of sentences?
To add descriptive detail or modify the action.
What is the correct form of the verb when starting a narrative or persuasive writing in the past tense?
Stay in past tense throughout the writing.
What is the difference between ‘affect’ and ‘effect’?
‘Affect’ is a verb; ‘effect’ is a noun.
What is a common mistake regarding tense usage in sentences?
Mixing past and present tenses incorrectly.
Fill in the blank: A _______ sentence consists of a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses.
complex
True or False: A compound sentence can have only one independent clause.
False
What does the acronym FANBOYS stand for?
For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So
What punctuation is used to separate items in a list?
Commas ,
What is the rule for using apostrophes in contractions?
An apostrophe replaces the omitted letters.
What is the purpose of using imperative sentences?
To give commands or instructions.
What is an example of a sentence with additional information?
Tom, (who liked to read), settled down happily with his new book.
What type of writing requires multiple paragraphs?
Narrative, descriptive, and persuasive writing.
What should be included in persuasive writing to enhance arguments?
Connectives and transitional phrases.
What is the effect on the reader when a text is written in past tense?
Fixed, inevitable, predictable, helpless
Past tense creates a sense of finality in the narrative.
What is the effect on the reader when a text is written in present tense?
Changeable, unpredictable, involved
Present tense engages the reader more actively.
List alternative verbs for ‘said’.
- Stated
- Inquired
- Asked
- Replied
- Boomed
- Ordered
- Demanded
- Hissed
- Fumed
- Thundered
- Whined
- Giggled
- Joked
- Trembled
- Laughed
- Roared
- Whispered
These alternatives can convey different tones and emotions.
Fill in the blank: Emotive language creates ______ in the reader.
[emotion]
Examples include using ‘kill’ vs. ‘tortured’ to evoke stronger feelings.
Define ‘emotive language’.
Language that creates emotion in the reader
It often uses stronger vocabulary to elicit feelings.
What is a simile?
Comparison between two things using ‘like’ or ‘as’
Example: ‘She was as smart as an owl.’
What defines a metaphor?
Comparison between two things without using ‘like’ or ‘as’
Example: ‘His words cut deeper than a knife.’
What is personification?
Giving human traits to non-human things
Example: ‘The leaves danced in the wind.’
What does hyperbole mean?
A gross exaggeration
Example: ‘The walk was a million miles long.’
Define euphemism.
A word or expression used instead of a harsher one
Example: ‘Resting in peace’ instead of ‘dead.’
What is an oxymoron?
A self-contradicting word or phrase
Example: ‘Deafening silence.’
What is the purpose of juxtaposition in literature?
To show the difference or similarity between contrasting concepts
Example: ‘When it rains, it pours.’
True or False: Colloquialism refers to formal language used in literature.
False
Colloquialism is informal language reflecting regional or generational expressions.
What is explicit language?
Language that is clear, direct, and straightforward
Example: ‘The car is red.’
What is figurative language?
Language that requires interpretation beyond the literal meaning
Examples include metaphors and similes.
List examples of sensory language.
- Size
- Shape
- Texture
- Colour
- Personality
Sensory language helps create vivid images for the reader.
Fill in the blank: An idiom is a common expression that means something different from the ______.
[literal meaning]
Example: ‘A piece of cake’ means something is easy.
What is a cliché?
An overused expression or idiom
It often carries a negative connotation.
What is alliteration?
Occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of closely connected words
Example: ‘Betsy bought bigger bottoms.’
What is sibilance?
Alliteration with repetition of ‘s’ or ‘sh’ sound
Example: ‘The sweet smell of success.’
What is an abstract noun?
A noun denoting an idea, quality, or state
Examples include ‘happiness’ or ‘freedom.’
What is juxtaposition in film?
The placement of contrasting elements side by side to highlight differences or create humor
Example: In Jurassic Park, the humor arises from the juxtaposition of a T-Rex and a car’s side mirror warning.
Explain the significance of the baptism scene in The Godfather.
It juxtaposes family love with violent murders, illustrating the complexity of Michael Corleone’s character.
Define abstract nouns.
A noun denoting an idea, quality, or state rather than a concrete object, e.g., truth, danger, happiness.
What is a noun phrase?
A group of two or more words headed by a noun, including modifiers that provide more detail to a sentence.
Give examples of noun phrases.
- the little boy
- the happy puppy
- the sharp pencil
What is pathetic fallacy?
Attributing human emotions and traits to nature or inanimate objects, e.g., smiling skies, angry storm.
What are proper nouns?
Names that identify a specific person, place, or thing, always capitalized, e.g., Mercedes, Janet, Desborough.
What is repetition in literature?
Repeating the same phrase or word for emphasis, used to highlight a point.
What is a rhetorical question?
A question that doesn’t require an answer, used for emphasis and to provoke thought.
Define the rule of three.
A writing technique that provides rhythm, closure, or finality, e.g., ‘Father, Son and Holy Spirit.’
What are anecdotes?
Short, personal stories used to illustrate a point, particularly effective in transactional or persuasive writing.
What does tone/mood refer to in literature?
The overall feeling or atmosphere of the text, e.g., passionate, logical, humorous.
What is foreshadowing?
A warning or indication of a future event, which may be subtle, implied, or explicit.
What is dramatic irony?
When the audience knows something that a character does not.
Define imagery in literature.
The use of descriptive language to create a mental image for the reader.
What is a monologue?
A long speech delivered to other characters.
What is a soliloquy?
A long speech where a character speaks to themselves, voicing thoughts for the audience.
What does imperative mean?
A command word or advice, e.g., ‘Sit down!’
What is symbolism in literature?
A device where an object represents something else, e.g., a white dove symbolizes peace.
Define motif.
A dominant or recurring idea in a story.
What is a theme in literature?
A recurring idea, such as war, love, or nature.
What is irony?
Using words in a sarcastic or comic way to imply the opposite of their literal meaning.
Define pun.
A play on words that exploits different meanings or similar sounds.
What is a tragedy in literature?
A play dealing with tragic events and typically having an unhappy ending.
What is a tragic hero?
The central character in a play who experiences a tragic downfall.
What is narrative?
A spoken or written account of connected events; a story.
Define Gothic literature.
A genre characterized by gloom and horror, often set in the Dark Ages.
What is hamartia?
The fatal flaw of a tragic hero.
What does context in literature refer to?
The setting in which a literary work is situated, crucial for understanding the plot and themes.
What is first-person point of view?
Narration using ‘I’ or ‘we’, providing an intimate perspective of the character’s thoughts.
What is second-person point of view?
Narration using ‘you’, addressing the reader directly.
What is third-person point of view?
Narration using ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’, or ‘they’, providing a more distant perspective.
What is the structure for literature questions?
Use a five-paragraph essay format including introduction, issues with context and quotes, and conclusion.
What is the importance of introductions in essays?
They set the context and introduce the issues being discussed.
What should be included in a paragraph discussing a literary issue?
Context, relevant quotes, and a link back to the question.
What are regular quotations?
Direct quotes that support an analysis or point in literature.
What are embedded quotations?
Quotes integrated into a sentence to enhance flow and analysis.
What are structural features in a text?
Elements like focus, setting, character, mood, and use of dialogue.
What are poetic techniques?
Tools used in poetry such as similes, metaphors, and personification.
What is the structure for poetry questions?
Link paragraphs back to the question, covering meaning, structure, imagery, and poetic techniques.
What is the purpose of narrative writing?
To tell a story with a clear structure, utilizing descriptive language.
What is the structure for descriptive writing?
Must use sensory details, advanced vocabulary, and figurative language.
What does ‘Show, don’t tell’ mean?
Using descriptive language to convey emotions or states instead of simply stating them.
What are techniques for transactional persuasive writing?
- Rule of three
- Alliteration
- Hyperbole
- Rhetorical questions
What are persuasive techniques?
Methods used to convince or influence an audience
Includes techniques like emotional appeals, logical arguments, and stylistic devices.
What does MAD FOR REST stand for in persuasive writing?
Metaphor, Alliteration, Direct Address, Facts & Figures, Opinion, Rhetorical Question, Repetition, Emotive Language, Simile, Triple (Rule of Three)
These techniques enhance the effectiveness of persuasive writing.
What is the purpose of writing?
To inform, explain, review, argue, persuade, or advise
Each purpose influences the content and structure of the writing.
What is the significance of knowing your audience in writing?
It helps tailor content to their interests and needs
Understanding the audience shapes the tone and style of the writing.
What are the essential components of transactional writing formats?
Titles, subtitles, sign-offs, and structured paragraphs
Different formats include letters, emails, speeches, reports, and more.
Fill in the blank: The _______ is a technique that involves using three related ideas for emphasis.
[Rule of three]
What is the structure of a formal letter?
Your address, date, recipient’s address, salutation, body paragraphs, conclusion, sign-off
The structure varies slightly for informal letters.
What is the role of emotive language in persuasive writing?
To evoke strong feelings in the audience
Emotive language helps to engage readers and make arguments more compelling.
True or False: A blog post can be written in either formal or informal language.
True
The choice depends on the target audience.
What should a speech’s conclusion include?
Thank you to the audience and a call to action
This reinforces the message and encourages engagement.
What does the acronym DAFOREST refer to?
A list of persuasive techniques: Direct Address, Alliteration, Facts and Figures, Opinion, Rhetorical Question, Emotive Language, Simile, Triple (Rule of Three)
Each element contributes to effective persuasion.
Fill in the blank: A _______ is a structured form of writing that provides detailed information about a topic.
[Report]
What is the purpose of using anecdotes in persuasive writing?
To provide relatable examples and illustrate points
Anecdotes can make arguments more personal and engaging.
What is the typical structure of a newspaper article?
4-5 paragraphs: Intro, main points, counterargument, conclusion
The structure helps to logically present information.
What is the difference between formal and informal language?
Formal language is used in professional contexts, while informal language is used among peers
The choice of language affects the tone and appropriateness of the writing.
What is the function of a counterargument in persuasive writing?
To acknowledge opposing views and strengthen one’s own argument
Addressing counterarguments can enhance credibility.
Fill in the blank: In persuasive writing, _______ refers to the use of exaggeration for emphasis.
[Hyperbole]
What is a key element to include in a review?
Personal opinion and evaluation of the subject
Reviews also often include comparisons to similar works.
What is the role of direct address in persuasive writing?
To involve the audience personally and create a connection
Direct address engages readers and makes the message more compelling.
Fill in the blank: The use of _______ helps writers to create catchy and memorable phrases.
[Alliteration]
What should be included in the introduction of a speech?
A greeting and a statement of purpose
This sets the stage for the audience and establishes context.
What is the importance of using facts and figures in persuasive writing?
To provide evidence and support arguments logically
Facts and figures enhance credibility and persuasiveness.
True or False: A leaflet is primarily used to inform readers about services or events.
True
Leaflets are designed to be concise and informative.
