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Year 9 > Geography - Term 2 + 2nd half > Flashcards

Geography - Term 2 + 2nd half Flashcards

1
Q

Weather

A

Short-term changes to the state of the atmosphere.

It changes daily or even hourly.

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2
Q

Climate

A

Longer term weather patterns in a place.

It is studied over many years.

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3
Q

Examples of weather

A
  • Sunny
  • Cloudy
  • Rainy
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4
Q

Examples of climate

A

Tropical climate

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5
Q

How to describe a graph?

A

Overall, Earth’s temperature has…

For example in…

There are/aren’t exceptions, for examples…

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6
Q

Why is the greenhouse gas effect important?

A

It keeps the Earth at a habitable temperature.

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7
Q

What are the periods of cooling and warming known as?

A

A cooling period is a glacial whereas a warming period is an interglacial.

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8
Q

What is the relationship between CO2 and temperature?

A

The more CO2 in the atmosphere the higher the temperature are as it enhances the greenhouse effect.

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9
Q

What is weather?

A

Weather is the daily changes in conditions.

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10
Q

What is climate?

A

Climate is the conditions measured over 30 years.

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11
Q

Explain how volcanic eruptions caused climate change

A

Volcanic eruptions release carbon-dioxide, warming the Earth but large eruptions such MT Pinatubo in 1991 can also cool the Earth for small periods of time.

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12
Q

Explain how asteroid collisions cause climate change

A

Asteroid collisions throw dust clouds up, which block The Sun’s heat. This cools Earth

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13
Q

Explain how changes in the Earth’s orbit cause climate change

A

Earth’s orbit varies between a circle and an ellipse (egg shape) over 96,000 years. When it is more elliptical it is cooler as we receive less solar radiation. When circular it is warmer. Right now, Earth’s orbit is becoming more elliptical.

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14
Q

Explain how solar variations cause climate change

A

Solar output from The Sun varies in cycles of about 11 years (and possibly hundreds). When solar output is lower it may cause Earth to cool down e.g. Little Ice Age 1645-1715.

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15
Q

What is the 1st step of the natural greenhouse effect?

A

The sun emits short-wave solar radiation towards Earth.

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16
Q

What is the 2nd step of the natural greenhouse effect?

A

This can pass through our atmosphere, warming Earth’s surface.

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17
Q

What is the 3rd step of the natural greenhouse effect?

A

The warm Earth re-radiates long-wave radiation (heat) back to the atmosphere.

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18
Q

What is the 4th step of the natural greenhouse effect?

A

Some of the long-wave radiation escapes to space.

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19
Q

What is the 5th step of the natural greenhouse effect?

A

Some of the long-wave radiation is trapped by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, warming up Earth.

More greenhouse gases - more warming

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20
Q

What do natural greenhouse effect cause?

A
  • More heat escapes to space
  • Less heat trapped
  • Fewer greenhouse gases
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21
Q

What do human enhanced greenhouse effect cause?

A
  • Less heat escapes to space
  • More heat trapped
  • More greenhouse gases
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22
Q

What human activities increase greenhouse gases?

A
  • Deforestation
  • Energy production
  • Cattle farming
  • Transportation
  • Landfill
  • Rice farming
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23
Q

How does cattle farming cause increased greenhouse gases?

A

Cows produce methane (CH4) as a by-product.

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24
Q

How does rice farming cause an increase in greenhouse gases?

A

Bacteria releases methane (CH4) when it is growing.

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25
Q

How do landfills cause an increase in greenhouse gases?

A

Decaying waste releases methane (CH4) into the atmosphere.

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26
Q

How does deforestation cause an increase in greenhouse gases?

A

Releases CO2 and trees can then absorb less CO2.

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27
Q

How does energy production cause an increase in greenhouse gases?

A

Burning fossil fuels like oil/coal/gas release CO2 and N2O

28
Q

How does transportation cause an increase in greenhouse gases?

A

Burning petrol and diesel releases carbon-dioxide (CO2)

29
Q

What are the two types of glaciers?

A

Alpine and ice sheet glaciers.

30
Q

When snow falls, what does it do to the bottom layer?

A

Compresses it.

31
Q

What is ice that survives one year?

A

Firn

32
Q

When these layers fuse together, what is formed?

A

Glacial ice

33
Q

What do glaciers do to the land as they move?

A

Erode the land

34
Q

How many years ago did most glaciers retreat (disappear)?

A

20,000 years ago.

35
Q

Freeze-thaw weathering

A

Freeze-thaw is when water enters cracks in the rock and freezes. This forces the cracks apart, breaking down rock.

36
Q

Abrasion

A

Abrasion is rocks at the sole of the glacier scraping against the rock floor and eroding it.

37
Q

Plucking

A

Plucking is ice melting and freezing around a rock and lifting (plucking) it away.

38
Q

Moraine

A

A mass of rocks found at the end (terminus) of a glacier.

39
Q

Where did this sediment come from? (Think to previous activity)

A

It was mostly eroded by the glacier through plucking and abrasion.

40
Q

How did it get there? (Think about how glaciers move)

A

It was transported by the glaciers as it moved downhill.

41
Q

Why has it been dropped there? (Consider now vs 20,000 years ago)

A

The glacier melted and deposited the sediment (dropped it).

42
Q

Name 3 glacial landforms

A
  • U-shaped valley
  • Glacial striations
  • Glacial erratic
43
Q

Explain how U-shaped valleys are evidence of glaciation

A
  • A U-shaped valley is form by glacial erosion.
  • As the glacier moves downhill the sediment in the sole (bottom) of the glacier erodes the land through abrasion
  • Over time this creates a U-shape
  • When the glacier melts, the valley is left behind as evidence
44
Q

Explain how glacial striations are evidence of glaciation

A
  • Striations are formed through erosion
  • As a glacier moves, the sediment in the sole (bottom) of the glacier scrape the floor
  • This is abrasion
  • It leaves marks on rock, providing evidence of glaciation
45
Q

Explain how glacial erratic are evidence of glaciation

A
  • Erratic are formed through transportation and deposition
  • Glaciers transport sediment as they move downhill
  • When they melt, they deposit large boulders
  • This leaves large boulders in landscapes that they do not look like they belong in
46
Q

How will climate change effect heatwaves?

A
  • A heat dome in the US killed billions of marine animals and hundreds of people
  • In the next 10 years heatwaves will become 4.1x more likely
  • At 1.5C, about 14% of the world’s population will be hit by severe heatwavesonce every five years
  • Extreme heatwaves could makeparts of the Middle Easttoo hot for humans to endure
  • Globally, an extra 4.9 million people will die each year from extreme heat should the average temperature race beyond 2C
  • At 2C, one in 10 vertebrate animals and almost one in five plants will lose half of their habitat
  • By the end of the century, Europe could experience several weeks of +35C per year.
47
Q

How will climate change affect wildfires?

A
  • Virtually all of North America and Europe will be at heightened risk of wildfires at 3C of heating
  • Australia’s 2019-2020 Black Summer will be x4 more likely at “C and common at £C warming
  • Wildfires have large ripple effects e.g. one million children missing school in California
    Wildfire risk will increase significantly in Europe
  • The Southern Hemisphere is at most risk overall
  • By the end of the century, North America will all be at risk and the continent will regularly be smothered in smoke
  • The southern parts of South America will experience huge increases in wildfires
48
Q

How will climate change affect crop failure?

A
  • Unpredictable weather, like too much or too little rainfall, decreases the quantity and quality of crop yields.
  • Madagascar is the first country at risk of ‘climate change famine’ after four years of almost no rain.
  • Extreme crop droughts… (usually once a decade) will double if we temperatures rise by over 2C. Any further and a third of all the world’s food production will be at risk.
  • Groundwater reducing and shrinking snowpacks will mean less water for irrigation (watering crops) in places like the Himalayas.
  • Warmer temperatures reduce crop yields too as it kills them, and floods and storms can destroy farmland and livelihoods
49
Q

How will climate change affect flooding?

A
  • Earth’s hotter climate is causing the atmosphere to hold more water, then releasing the water in the form of extreme precipitation events
  • Unless action is taken, 216 million people (mostly in developing countries) will have to leave their homes
  • In 2020, the UK had one month of rainfall in 48 hours
  • In Sudan, flooding wiped out 110,000 homes
  • At the same time, over 1 billion people are expected to be without enough water in the next 3 decades
  • With 3C of warming, melting glaciers and thermal expansion will raise sea levels, flooding coastal cities
  • Miami, Shanghai and much of Bangladesh is at risk of going underwater
  • Northern Europe will suffer from heavy flooding and Southern Europe from droughts.
50
Q

Tell me about the Earth’s climate history

A

The Earth’s climate has been constantly changing. It shifts between glacial periods and interglacial periods.

Glacial: When temperatures are below the average with large ice sheets over the northern hemisphere.

Interglacial: A warmer period when temperatures return to normal or go above the normal. There can be rising sea levels due to increased melting here.

We are currently in an interglacial as our last glacial ended between 10-20,000 years ago.

51
Q

How do volcanic eruptions cause climate change?

A

Exceptionally large volcanic eruptions put large amounts of dush and ash into the atmosphere. This can block the sun’s rays leading to temperatures decreasing. Short term – 1.5 years effect.

52
Q

How do sunspots cause climate change?

A

Sunspots show how active the sun is. The more sunspots, the more active and more solar energy leading to increasing temperatures. Few/no sunspots show reduced activity meaning less solar energy and temperatures.

53
Q

How does the change in the orbit cause climate change?

A

Orbital theory is when every 130,000 years the Earth’s orbit around the sun becomes more elliptical. The Earth is further away from the sun for longer periods of time meaning more distance for the heat energy to travel. This creates ice ages.

54
Q

How does the Earth stay warm?

A

The greenhouse gas effect is a natural process which allows short wave radiation to pass through the atmosphere. Some heat energy is trapped by the greenhouse gases, and some is reflected into space. This effect to helps to keep the Earth’s habitable (liveable for human things).
The enhanced greenhouse effect is when human activities such as burning fossil fuels, cattle farming, cars and fill landfill sites add in more greenhouse gases and make the process more efficient. More heat is trapped leading to rising temperatures.

55
Q
  • Deforestation
  • Rice Farming
  • Burning Fossil Fuels
A
56
Q

How does deforestation cause an enhanced greenhouse effect?

A

Deforestation – trees absorb and store carbon dioxide. If they are cut down, all the stored carbon dioxide is released and less can be absorbed meaning more CO2 in the atmosphere.

57
Q

How does rice farming cause an enhanced greenhouse effect?

A

Rice Farming – when farmed, the bacteria in the paddies release methane which is a potent greenhouse gas.

58
Q

How does burning fossil fuels cause an enhanced the greenhouse effect?

A

Burning Fossil Fuels – gas, coal and oil is burnt to create energy which countries use in homes and industry. This releases carbon dioxide in vast amounts. USA is the biggest emitter.

59
Q

Tell me about the evidence of changing climate in the UK

A

We know that the Earth’s climate has been colder in the past because there are certain landscapes which have been carved out by ice. During the last glacial period, ice extended over much of northern Europe including the UK. The landscape would have consisted of ice sheets and glaciers.

The last ice age/glacial ended around 10-20,000 years ago and as the ice sheets and glaciers retreated, they have left behind features like U shaped valleys in places like Wales, The Lake District and Scotland.

60
Q

What is a glacier?

A

A glacier is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight. A glacier forms where the accumulation (increase) of snow exceeds its ablation (melting) over many years, often centuries.

61
Q

Tell me 3 glacial processes

A
  • Freeze-thaw
  • Abrasion
  • Plucking
62
Q

Explain Freeze-thaw

A

Water finds its way into cracks, when temperatures decrease the water freezes. This puts pressure of cracks and faults which weaken over time. The repeating of melting and freezing causes the rocks to eventually break off.

63
Q

Explain abrasion

A

Rocks trapped at the base of the glacier act like sandpaper as they smooth, widen and deepen the base of the valley.

64
Q

Explain plucking

A

Rocks on the sides and base of the valleys are trapped in the ice and pulled off and moved down the valley trapped in the glacier. If they are plucked from the base they can eventually contribute to the process of abrasion.

65
Q

Explain what a U shaped valley is

A

U shaped valleys have been carved out by the glacier. It has a flat valley floor from abrasion and steep valley sides from FT and plucking. Sometimes there may be a misfit stream of melted ice.

66
Q

Explain glacial striations

A

Glacial striations are created when through abrasion, rocks are scrapped along the base and sides of a valley. Rocks are forced into the sides and floor and dragged along created carvings which can be a few cm deep.

67
Q

Explain what erratics in the rocks are

A

Erratics are rocks in situ (in place) which have been dropped by the glacier. Large boulders picked up by the glacier further up the valley are transported down. When the glacier melts, the rocks are dropped in their location at that point.

Year 9 (27 decks)

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