Geography - Cycle Test Term 1 - 2nd half Flashcards
Why is the world unevenly developed?
- Conflict (war)
- Political instability
- Climate
- Relief
- Natural hazards
- Global trade
Bottom up developement
It is where experts work with local communities to identify their needs.
HIC
High Income Country
LIC
Low Income Country
Development gap
The difference in levels of development between the richest and the poorest countries in the world. The difference between HICs and LICs is getting wider.
What would reducing the development gap do?
Reducing the development gap would lead to an increase in the quality of millions of people around the world.
What measures were taken to reduce the development gap?
- Investment
- Aid
- Using intermediate technology
- Fairtrade
- Debt relief
- Microfinance loans
Investments can help close the development gap?
Large companies can locate part of their business in other countries. This helps a country to develop as the companies build factories, lay roads and install internet cables.
Aid can help close the development gap?
Aid is when one or more countries give money to other countries. The money has to be spent on things that will benefit the population.
Using intermediate technology can help close the development gap?
Intermediate technology is using equipment and techniques that are suitable for their country of use. Many poorer countries do not have the skills to maintain expensive equipment. Small-scale, basic solutions are usually more appropriate.
Fairtrade can help close the development gap?
Fairtrade is paying producers a reasonable price for the goods that they produce. Many farmers in LICs are paid very low wages. This means that they cannot escape poverty. Fairtrade gives farmers a better chance in life.
Debt relief can help close the development gap?
Many LICs owe money to other countries. Often the repayments and interest are so expensive that indebted countries have no money left to spend on development projects. Debt relief is when debts are either reorganised to make them more manageable, or reduced.
Microfinance loans can help close the development gap?
Microfinance loans are when money is lent to LICs to help them to develop. These are often small loans with reasonable interest rates. They are available to people and businesses who may normally struggle to get credit.
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The Earth
It is made up three different layers: the crust and the mantle and the core.
The crust
It is made from enormous plates which move very slowly due to movements of the mantle below.
It is the outmost layer of the Earth. This is a thin layer between 0-60 kilometres thick. This is made up of solid rock, and is the layer upon which we live.
The Mantle
The mantle is the widest layer of the Earth with the thickness of approximately 2900 kilometres. The mantle is the semi-molten rock called magma. In the upper parts of the mantle the rock is hard but lower down the rock is soft and beginning to melt.
The inner core
It is at the centre of the Earth. It is made up of solid metals - Mostly iron and nickel. It is also the hottest part of the Earth, with temperatures reaching 5500 degrees Celsius. With this immense heat energy, the inner core is like the engine room of the Earth.
The outer core
It surrounds the inner core. It is a liquid layer, made up of iron and nickel. This layer is still extremely hot, with temperatures similar to those found in the inner core.
The Oceanic crust
- It is 6-10 km thick.
- It is made of Basalt.
- It is very dense.
The Continental crust
- It is 70km thick.
- It is made of Granite.
- It is less dense then the Oceanic crust but still very dense.
How do the Earth’s tectonic plates?
The theory of convection suggests that magma is rising in the mantle as it is heated and then goes back towards the core when it cools.
As the currents move beneath the plates they build up lateral pressure and carry the plates with them.
Continental drift
The movement of continents resulting from the motion of tectonic plates.
What are the 15 different plates?
- African Plate
- Antarctic Plate
- Eurasian Plate
- Pacific Plate
- Indo Australian Plate
- North American Plate
- South American Plate
- Arabian Plate
- Caribbean Plate
- Cocos Plate
- Nazca Plate
- Juan de Fuca Plate
- Philippine Sea Plate
- Scotia Plate
- Okhotsk Plate
Tectonic Plate
A large section of the Earth’s crust.
Oceanic crust
The part of the Earth’s crust that makes up the seafloor. It’s thinner, denser, and simpler in structure than the continental crust.
Continental crust
The outermost layer of Earth’s lithosphere that makes up the planet’s continents and continental shelves and is formed near subduction zones at plate boundaries between continental and oceanic tectonic plates. It is Thicker and less dense than Oceanic curst.
What are the two main types of
- Oceanic crust
- Continental crust
Earthquake
Caused by rocks suddenly shifting.
Volcano
Forms when liquid rock bursts out through Earth’s hard surface.
Where are most Earthquake and volcanos?
- They tend to lie along lines.
- Are often together.
- Occur in the ocean as well as on land.
Why do tectonic plates move?
- Plates are slabs of the lithosphere - Earth’s hard curst and upper mantle.
- They float on the soft hot rock below.
- They move because they’re dragged by the powerful hot currents- convection currents - in the soft hot rock. (Other factors play a part too. Scientists are still researching these.)
- They move just a few cm a year - but it all adds up.
- For example India had moved 2000km north in the last 70 million years.
Lithosphere
Earth’s hard curst and upper mantle.
Convention
In the soft hot rock. (Other factors play a part too. Scientists are still researching these.)
What plate is moving north?
- Indo-Australia Plate
- African Plate
What is a plate that carries just ocean?
- Pacific Plate
- Nazca Plate
- Philippine Plate
What plate is circled around the Rind of Fire?
Pacific Plate
Constructive Plate Boundaries
= As two plates move apart, new oceanic plate is constructed.
- Have
- Volcanoes
- Small Earthquakes
- e.g.
- Mid - Atlantic Ridge
Destructive Plate Boundaries
= Plate is destroyed - Oceanic plat is subducted down into the mantle.
- Have
- Violent Volcanoes
- Enormous Earthquakes
- e.g.
- Nazca
- South American Plate
Conservative Plate Boundries
= Two plates moving past Each other either different directions or different speeds.
- Have
- No Volcanoes
- Earthquakes
- e.g.
- San Andreas, California
Collision Plate Boundries
= Two continental Plates meet. Two plates push up when they collide
- Have
- No Volcanoes
- Earthquakes
Focus
The point of origin of the Earthquake.
The place in the Earth where rocks were moving.
Epicentre
The point on the Earth’s surface directly about the focus.
Seismic waves
Energy released by the Earthquake.
Richer Scale
The scale on which the strength of the Earthquake is measured.
Mafnitude
How strong an Earthquake is.
After-shock
Small Earthquake after the main large one.
Seismometer
An instrument to measure the strength of the Earthquake.
How do Earthquakes happen?
- Earthquakes occur at plate margins
- As the plates move past each other at the margins the movement is not smooth.
- The plates sometimes lock, causing pressure to build up.
- This pressure is suddenly released in a jerky movement.
- This release of pressure is called an Earthquake.
Best time of day for an Earthquake
Daytime
Best time of year for an Earthquake
Summer
Best day of the week for an Earthquake
Weekend
Best magnitude for an Earthquake
Low
Best level of development for an Earthquake
HIC
Best popular density for an Earthquake
Low
Best relief for an Earthquake
Flat
Best corruption for Government for an Earthquake
Low
Best training of emergency services for an Earthquake
High
Best geology for an Earthquake
Solid Bed flock
Best proximity to the coast for an Earthquake
Far
Best level of preparedness for an Earthquake
High
Best building design for an Earthquake
Asemic
