Science GA 2.2 Flashcards
-Carry the genetic blueprint of a cell and instructions for the functioning cell
-Store the genetic information
-Transmit genetic information
-Process genetic information
-Synthesize protein
Nucleic Acids
-Is found inside the cell
-Has two strands that resemble a twisted ladder
-Codes for the genes
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
-Two strands of the helix run in opposite directions-antiparallel
-The orientation is important to DNA replication
Double Helix Model
-Are part of the family of nitrogenous bases that have a six-membered nitrogen-containing ring and a five-membered nitrogen-containing ring fused together
Purines and Pyrimidines
-Nitrogenous bases with two rings
Purines
-Nitrogenous bases with one ring
Pyrimidines
-Consists of two complementary DNA nucleotide bases that pair together to form a “rung of the DNA ladder”
The Base Pairing Rule
-Separates double-stranded DNA into single strands allowing each strand to be copied
Helicase
-Synthesizes short RNA sequences called primers
Primase
-Responsible for forming new copies of DNA, in the form of nucleic acid molecules
DNA Polymerase
-Acts as proofreaders removing problems with DNA replication fork progression, and they can be directly involved in repairing damaged DNA
Exonuclease
-Is like glue
-It brings all the molecules of the newly formed DNA or strands together and permanently binds them so that they do not just fall apart
DNA Ligase
-Found in variety of foods
-Fights infections
-Helps cells divide
Proteins
-Is present in all living cells
-Its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins, although in some viruses, …. rather than DNA, carries the genetic information
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
-The process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is transferred to an RNA molecule
Transcription
-Is a process by which the genetic code contained within an mRNA molecule is decoded to produce the specific sequence of amino acids
Translation
DNA Replication
-DNA to DNA
Transcription
-DNA to RNA
Translation
-RNA to Proteins
-AUG – Met – Methionine
-It is the start of the fragment
Start Codon
-It stops the fragment
Stop Codon
-Made of both RNA and protein
-It is where protein is created in a cell
-It reads the mRNA and translates it into a string of amino acids and is folded to form protein
Ribosome
-Molecules used by living things to create proteins
Amino Acid
-A small RNA molecule that plays a key role in protein synthesis
Transfer RNA
-A molecule that contains the instructions that directs the cells to make protein
Messenger RNA
-Are short sequences of DNA nucleotides (approximately 150 to 200 base pairs long in eukaryotes) which are synthesized discontinuously and later linked together by the enzyme DNA ligase to create the lagging strand during DNA replication
Okazaki Fragment
-Synthesized by adding nucleotides to the 3’ end of the growing strand
-5’ -> 3’
Leading Strand
-Synthesized by adding nucleotides to the 5’ end
-5’ -> 3’ but is made in small segments
Lagging Strand
-A DNA made up of a 5-carbon sugar
Deoxyribose
-A string of amino acids connected together
Polypeptide Chain
