Science GA 2.1 Reproductive Flashcards
-Refers to the presence of a single set of chromosomes in an organism’s cells
Haploid
-Refers to the presence of two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism’s cells, with each parent contributing a chromosome to each pair
Diploid
To regulate the function of the testes, two hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland found in the brain
True
Stimulates the secretion of male sex hormone
-Secretion
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Along with testosterone, stimulates sperm production in the seminiferous tubules
-Production
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
-Responsible for developing secondary male characteristics during puberty
-Regulate sex drive (libido), bone mass, fat distribution, muscle mass and strength, and the production of red blood cells and sperm
Testosterone
Is the white fluid that comes out from the penis, that process is also known as ejaculation when sexual intercourse culminates.
Semen
Is the male reproductive cell and is only a component of semen, which is very important if you are trying to have children
Sperm
-Helps the sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida layer of the ovum and enter the cytoplasm of the ovum, so that nucleus of sperm and the ovum can fuse
Acrosome
-A very important structure that functions to protect sperm against extracellular injuries and to respond to physiological challenges
Cell Membrane
-Contains the genetic material in a sperm cell
Nucleus
-It produces energy in the sperm and pushes it to move
Mitochondria
-Propels the sperm toward the egg
Tail(Flagellum)
-Secretes alkaline fluid that neutralizes the acids present in the female reproductive system
-Neutralizes the acidity of the vaginal tract to prolong lifespan of sperm
-Produces some of the fluid that carries sperm during ejaculation
Prostate Gland
-Secrete a fluid rich in sugar that sperm cells use for energy
Seminal Vesicles
-Secrete alkaline fluid that traces of acidic urine in the urethra
-Produces a pre-ejaculate that cleanses and lubricates the urethra prior to the arrival of the semen
Bulbourethral Glands
How much is released during ejaculation
-3.5 milliliters of semen
-300 to 400 million sperm cells
-5 to 10 million in just one drop
-Triggers the development of secondary female characteristics and it stimulates egg development
-Activates the growth and overall development of a woman’s ovaries
-It also regulates the beginning of a woman’s menstrual cycle, which indicates that the reproduction system has reached maturity
-Regulates the menstrual cycle
Estrogen
-Also known as the pregnancy hormone in females
-Prepares the lining on the uterus for the fertilized egg to implant and grow
-Hormone that supports pregnancy
Progesterone
-Is the first discharge of the blood from the vagina
Menarche
-When the sperm is been deposited inside the female reproductive tract during copulation, and fertilization has occurred, the role of the male reproductive system is complete
Gestation/Pregnancy
-Are the eggs made produced in the female reproductive system
-All females are born with approximately 2 million eggs they will produce in a lifetime but only 300 to 500 will mature and are then called ___
Ova (singular: Ovum)
-If fertilization occurs, the fertilized ovum is now called the
Zygote
- The ovaries prepare the female body each month to make pregnancy possible
-Occurs in two distinct phases or changes
The Ovarian Cycle
-Is the longest phase of your menstrual cycle. It lasts from the first 14 to 21 days. During this phase, your ovaries house a developing egg they will later release during ovulation
-This process starts if FSH(Follicle Stimulating Hormone) and LH(Luteinizing Hormone) is released by the anterior pituitary gland
Follicular Phase
-Begins after you ovulate
-The dominant follicle that releases an egg at ovulation changes into a structure called the corpus luteum.
-The corpus luteum produces progesterone, along with some estrogen
-Progesterone levels increase in the luteal phase, which help thicken the lining of your uterus
Luteal Phase
-The dominant follicle that releases an egg at ovulation changes into a structure
-Produces progesterone, along with some estrogen
Corpus Luteum
- Invades the epithelial lining of the vagina and the urethra
-This disease can be treated with antibiotics
-Infects the mucous membranes of the reproductive tract, including the cervix, uterus, and fallopian tubes in women, and the urethra in women and men
Neisseria Gonorrhea
-Discharged caused by gonorrhea
Pus
-A sexually transmitted disease caused by Treponema pallidum
-This disease can be cured in the early stages but may lead to serious complications when left untreated
Syphilis
-Is contracted by babies born to an infected mother
-Antibiotics are used to treat the initial stages of syphilis and stop it from progressing
Congenital Syphilis
- This bacterium causes infection when it gets into broken skin or mucus membranes, usually of the genitals
-Cause of syphilis
Treponema Pallidum
-Is caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), which attacks the immune system
-The first case was in 1981 but is still present today since no cure is available
-There is a latency period of 5 to 10 years
-There is no known cure but prompt medical attention can reduce or delay the onset of serious complications
AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)
-The infection is characterized by painful, itching lesions, and blister-like eruptions in the genital area that occur 10 days after exposure to the infected sexual partner
-These sores take about two weeks to heal and may recur
- Some infected individuals may not experience signs and symptoms and yet may be contagious
- The virus may stay dormant in the body but may activate due to stress or illness
-Is incurable
-Is caused by herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2)
Genital Herpes
-The process by which sperm cell production occurs
Spermatogenesis
-Comprise the bulk (80%) of the testis mass and are responsible for developing germ cells
-Support cells include Sertoli cells, fibrocyte, and myoid cells
Seminiferous Tubules
Libido
The desire for sex
