Science exam deck Flashcards
1
Q
What is the WHMIS?
A
Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System
2
Q
What is HHPS?
A
Hazardous Household Product Safety
3
Q
what is SI?
A
the standard unit used to measure a variable
4
Q
What is the unit of measurement for volume?
A
mL (milliliters)
5
Q
What is the SI unit for volume and an example?
A
SI unit: L (liters)
example: water bottle (liquid)
6
Q
What is the unit of measurement for distance?
A
cm (centimeters)
7
Q
What is the SI unit for distance and an example?
A
SI unit: m (meters)
example: driving to school (kilometers)
8
Q
What is the unit of measurement for mass?
A
g (grams)
9
Q
What is the SI unit for mass and an example?
A
SI unit: kg (kilograms)
example: cooking/baking (measuring flour on a scale)
10
Q
What is the unit of measurement for time?
A
seconds
11
Q
What is the SI unit for time and an example?
A
SI unit: minutes/hours
example: running (the time)
12
Q
what is ecology?
A
the study of ecosystems and the interactions of living things with each other and with their physical environment
13
Q
what are the 2 factors that make up the ecosystem?
A
- biotic = living organisms
- abiotic = non - living organisms
14
Q
what is one example of biotic and abiotic organisms?
A
biotic example: polar bear
abiotic example: rocks
15
Q
what is the definition of a population?
A
all organisms of the same species living together in the same area
16
Q
what is the definition of individuals?
A
population of different species living in the same area interacting with one another
17
Q
what is the definition of a biome?
A
a complex community of plants and animals living in a large area having a similar ecosystem
18
Q
what is the definition of a biosphere?
A
the parts of the planet where all life exists and their physical environment
19
Q
what is biodiversity?
A
the number of different organisms in an area
higher organisms = higher biodiversity = healthier ecosystem
20
Q
what is a niche?
A
a niche is the role an organism plays in the environment. it includes the type of food they eat, where it live, where it reproduce, and it’s relation with other species.
21
Q
what is a habitat?
A
a habitat is the environment that an organism occupies
22
Q
where do organisms get their energy from different sources?
A
autotroph: makes their own food from the abiotic environment
heterotrophs: get their food from the biotic environment
23
Q
which organism is a producer and which is a consumer?
A
producer: autotroph
consumer: heterotroph
24
Q
how do autotrophs get their energy?
A
photosynthesis (the sun)
25
how do heterotrophs get their energy?
eating plants and animals (cellular respiration)
26
what is a herbivore?
a herbivore eats only plants
27
what is a carnivore?
a carnivore eats only animals
28
what is an omnivore?
an omnivore eats plants and animals
29
what is a grazer?
a grazer eats living organisms without killing them
30
what is a predator?
a predator eats only animals (eats the prey)
31
what is a scavenger?
a scavenger eats already dead animals
32
what is a decomposer?
a decomposer breaks down dead organisms and their waste
33
what are the 4 key components of the earth's surface?
1. atmosphere
2. lithosphere
3. hydrosphere
4. biosphere
34
what is the definition of an atmosphere?
it acts like a cover that helps moderate temperature, preventing excessive heating (day) or cooling (night)
35
what is the definition of a lithosphere?
the rocky outer shell of the earth
36
what is the definition of a hydrosphere?
all the water on, above, and below the earth's surface
37
what is the definition of a biosphere?
the parts of the planet where all life exists and their physical environments
38
what is radiant energy?
energy that travels directly from the sun
39
what is thermal energy?
the energy present during heating and cooling
40
what is light energy?
the energy that is visible forms of radiant energy
41
what chemical do organisms need to grow and function?
energy
42
how do producers get energy?
they create glucose or chemical energy from light energy. they do not need to consume other organisms to get energy.
43
how do consumers create energy?
they need to eat other organisms to gain energy and they cannot perform photosynthesis
44
what is photosynthesis?
make their own food from light energy
carbon dioxide + water + energy = sugar + oxygen
45
what is cellular respiration?
organisms that cannot make their food and must eat other organisms for energy
sugar + oxygen = water + carbon dioxide + energy
46
what is a food chain?
they show a sequence of feeding from one organism to another
47
what are trophic levels?
it describes the position of an organism on a food chain starting with producers and ending with carnivores
48
what is the primary producer?
autotrophs
49
what is the primary consumer?
herbivores
50
what do secondary tertiary and quaternary consumers eat?
eat consumers at a level below them
51
what are food webs?
show how food chains are interconnected and show all of the food sources of consumers
52
what is the intraspecific competition?
competition between the same species
53
what is the interspecific competition?
competition between different species
54
what is the predator-prey relationship?
one organism hunts another
55
what is mutualism?
both species benefit and none are harmed
56
what is parasitism?
one benefits and the other is harmed
57
what is commensalism?
one benefits and the other doesn't care
58
what is the 10 percent rule?
any particular organism in a food chain will only pass on 10 percent of its energy to the organism that consumes it
example: 1000 x 0.10 = 100 passed on to the next organism in the food chain
59
what is matter?
anything that has mass and volume
60
what are the 3 states of matter?
1. solid = particles are attracted to each other and are always moving. when these forces of attraction are strong enough to hold particles close together a solid is formed
2. liquid = when heated particles move faster and start sliding past each other. the particles are still close together but are able to flow past one another forming a liquid
3. gas = if heating continues the particles gain so much energy that move far apart and their forces of attraction have little effect and a gas is formed
61
what is the melting point?
the temperature at which a solid becomes liquid
62
what is the boiling point?
the temperature at which a liquid becomes gas
63
what is the freezing point?
the temperature at which a liquid becomes solid
64
what is an ecological pyramid?
a diagram that shows the amounts of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a food chain or a food web
65
what are energy pyramids?
based on the total amount of energy in each trophic level and is always pyramidal. Organisms use about 90 percent of this energy for life processes or loss of heat and the rest is stored.
66
what are biomass pyramids?
based on the mass of organisms at each trophic level at one time
67
what are pyramids of numbers?
based on the number of organisms in each trophic level.
68
what are the 3 states of matter?
1. Solid: particles are attracted to each other and are always moving. when these forces of attraction are strong enough to hold particles close together, a solid is formed.
2. Liquid: when heated, particles move faster and start sliding past each other. The particles are still close together but can flow past one another, forming a liquid.
3. Gas: If heating continues, the particles gain so much energy that move far apart, and their forces of attraction have little effect and a gas is formed.
69
what is a pure substance?
one type of particle, created and separated by chemical means
70
what are mixtures?
two or more types of particles, created and separated by physical means
71
what is a diatomic element?
two of the same atom
example: H2 and O2
72
what is a simple element?
single atom
73
what is a compound?
two or more different atoms chemically combined
74
what is a molecule?
a compound or a substance with only one kind of molecule
75
what is a homogenous mixture?
one visible phase
76
what is a heterogenous mixture?
two or more visible phases
77
what can homogenous mixtures be divided into?
1. solutions: visibly cannot see the particles dissolved into substance
example: saltwater
2. alloys: metals that are melted together
example: steel is a combination of iron and carbon
78
what can heterogeneous mixtures be divided into?
1. mechanical mixtures: all parts are visible and can be separated by using a filter, or a magnet, or by letting it settle
2. suspensions: particles are suspended in a gas or liquid and can be separated by letting it settle
example: oil and vinegar
79
what are physical properties and changes?
when something changes and looks diffrent after completing the process
80
what is a physical change?
any change of appearance but no change to the chemical composition
81
what is qualitative data?
does not have a numerical value (quality)
82
what is quantitative data?
has a numerical value (quantity, numbers)
83
what are the qualitative physical properties?
1. luster: how shiny the substance is
2. viscosity: if it pours or flows (oil versus honey)
3. optical clarity: the amount of light that can pass through a substance
4. hardness: if the substance can be easily scratched by another substance or scratch other substances
5. brittleness: if the substance can easily break
6. malleability: if the substance is hammered into a thinner sheet
example: silver is malleable as it can be hammered into thin sheets, whereas glass would break
7. ductility: if the substance can be pulled into a fine strand
example: copper can be drawn into wires
84
what is conductivity?
Whether the substance can conduct an electric current, depends on whether the substance contains charged particles that are able to move
85
what is an ion?
charged particles found in substances, but do not have the ability to move
86
what are the quantitative physical properties?
1. freezing point: liquid to solid
2. melting point: solid to liquid
3. boiling point: liquid to gas
4. density: how much mass is contained in a given volume of a substance
87
What physical properties are less dense to more dense?
gas, liquid, solid
88
what is density?
a character's physical property, as it distinguishes one material from another
89
what is density measured in?
grams and cubic centimeters
90
what is mass measured in?
grams
91
what is volume measured in?
mL and cm3
92
what is the formula for density?
density = mass ÷ volume
93
what is the formula for volume?
volume = mass ÷ density
94
what is the formula for mass?
mass = density x volume
95
what does G.R.A.S.S stand for?
G = given (what i already know)
R = required (what I need to find out)
A = assess (what formula do I need to use)
S = solve (complete all calculations)
S = state (state answer in a sentence)
96
what are chemical properties?
characteristics of a substance that is observed during a reaction when the substance is changed
examples: light produced and temperature produced
97
what is the universe?
everything that physically exists and contains all forms of matter and energy
98
what is the scale of the universe?
atoms, stars, galaxies, universe
99
what is a galaxy and what does it contain?
contains stars, planets and dust
100
what is a spiral galaxy?
a galaxy in the shape of a pinwheel
101
what is the solar system?
the sun together with all the planets and other objects that are held by the sun's gravity
102
what is the sun?
a star, a hot ball of plasma that shines because nuclear fusion is taking place in its core
103
what are the planets in order from closest to farthest from the sun?
1. Mercury (my)
2. Venus (very)
3. Earth (educated)
4. Mars (mother)
5. Jupiter (just)
6. Saturn (served)
7. Uranus (us)
8. Neptune (nachos)
104
what is the inner solar system?
Mercury, Venus, earth, mars
these 4 planets are rocky and terrestrial
105
what is the outer solar system?
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
these 4 planets are gas-giant plants
106
what is between the inner and outer system (between Mars and Jupiter)?
an asteroid belt which is a region of rocky debris that forms a ring around the sun
107
what are scientific laws?
a factual statement about a scientific discovery that is accepted to be true and universal
108
what are scientific hypotheses?
an educated guess based upon observations and inferences, but which has not been proved
109
what are scientific theories?
an explanation of a set of related observations based upon a proven hypothesis and the observations have been verified multiple times by separate groups of researchers
110
what is the history of Bohr?
studied light produced by hydrogen atoms and proposed that electrons occupy fixed orbitals around the nucleus. this is known as the planetary model of an atom.
111
what is the history of early Greek philosophers?
tried to apply logic to the world around them.
112
what is the history of Dalton?
first to complete experiments to suggest that all matter was made up of tiny, invisible, solid objects. his theory is known as the billiard ball model of the atom.
113
what is the history of Democritus?
first suggested that all matter was made up of tiny, indivisible, solid objects
114
what is the history of Thomson?
proposed a model where the atom negatively charged electrons like chocolate chips implanted a cookie
115
what is the history of Chadwick?
discovered that the nucleus is dense and contains protons and neutrons
116
what is the history of Rutherford?
his gold foil experiment led him to propose that atoms are mostly empty spaces with a positively charged center surrounded by electrons. this is known as the bee hive model of the atom.
117
what are atoms made from?
protons (located in the nucleus, +), electrons (located on orbitals, −) and neutrons (located in the nucleus, neutral)
118
what are metals?
left on the periodic table, and tend to be solids, malleable, lustrous, ductile, and conductive
119
what are non-metals?
right on the period table, and tend to be solids or gases, and not conductive
120
what are metalloids?
a substance that has the properties of both metals and non-metals found along the staircase
121
where are groups located on the periodic table?
on the top
122
where are periods located on the period table?
on the left side
123
what is the atomic number?
number of protons and number of electrons
124
what is the atomic weight?
number of protons + number of neutrons
125
what is standard atomic notation?
represents the atomic mass and atomic number of an element (top number at bottom and bottom number at top)
126
what does "iso" (isotopes) stand for?
the same
127
what is group 1?
alkali metals: shiny, silvery, soft, highly reactive, and relatively low densities
128
what is group 2?
alkaline earth metals: shiny and silvery but are not as soft or reactive as the alkali metals (tend to burn with bright, colorful flames) (1 valence electron)
129
what is group 3 to 12?
transition metals: good conductors, some are special colors, some solids, some liquid, high melting point, high boiling point (2 valence electrons)
130
what is group 17?
halogens: very reactive, poisonous in large amounts, solid, liquid, or gas at room temperature, down the group = less reactive
(7 valence electrons)
131
what is group 18?
noble gases: very stable and unreactive, colorless, tasteless, odorless, glow brightly when electric current passes through it, mostly non-toxic (8 valence electrons)
132
do positive objects lose or gain electrons?
lose
133
do negative objects lose or gain electrons?
gain
134
what is the Big Bang theory?
the theory stating that all of the matter and energy in the universe expanded from a single point
135
what was the first star formed from?
a nebula of hydrogen atoms that clumped together (a cloud of gas and dust)
136
what will determine the type of star that will be created?
the amount of matter
137
what is the path of a low-mass nebula?
nebula − protostar − red dwarf − white dwarf
138
what is the path of a medium-mass nebula?
nebula − red giant − planetary nebula − white dwarf − black dwarf
139
what is the path of a giant mass nebula?
nebula − protostar − red supergiant −supernova − neutron star − black hole
140
for stars what colors are cool and hot?
cool: red
hot: blue
141
for stars what is the planet size?
small
142
for stars what is the sun's size?
large
143
what is the carbon cycle?
carbon is recycled in the carbon cycle through several processes, but mostly through photosynthesis and respiration
144
what are reservoirs?
areas where carbon is stored for long periods of time
145
what are biotic reservoirs?
areas where carbon is trapped in the cells of living organisms
146
what are abiotic reservoirs?
areas where carbon is stored in the environment
147
what are carbon deposits?
ways in which carbon can get trapped underground
148
how does the nitrogen cycle work?
1. nitrogen enters the soil from the atmosphere
2. moves up into the food chain
3. the nitrogen is excreted and then goes back into the ground
4. nitrogen enters back into the atmosphere
149
what is a chemical change?
when two substances react to form a new substance with new and different properties known as a chemical reaction
150
what are the reactants and the product?
reactants: starting chemicals
products: the new substances produced
example: chemical A + chemical B = chemical AB
151
what is a precipitate?
when two liquids mix together, a solid compound forms
152
what is a chemical reaction?
can occur between two substances when electrons are transferred
153
what are cations?
net positive charge, lose electrons
154
what are anions?
net negative charge, gain electrons
155
what is climate?
the pattern of weather over a long period of time
156
how does the greenhouse gas effect work?
1. sunlight radiation: sun rays pass through the atmosphere
2. absorption and the reflection of sunlight: some rays are reflected and some are absorbed by earths surface
3. re radiation of heat: earth releases these rays back into the atmosphere as infrared radiation
4. trapping of heat: gases in the atmosphere trap radiation to keep the earth and us warm
156
what is the weather?
the current condition of the atmosphere
157
what is the greenhouse gas effect?
how these gases trap under the sun's energy to keep the planet warm, any gas that absorbs infrared radiation in the atmosphere is a greenhouse gas
157
what is climate change?
greenhouse effect has increased the earth's surface temperature
