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Science 10 Final Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

molecule:

A

an electrically neutral group of at least two non-metals held together by covalent chemical bonds

eg: single cell N2 OR Compound H2O

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2
Q

Atom:

A

-smallest particle of an element that exists on its own
- elements of periodic table
- no charge
- protons and electrons are equal

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3
Q

compund:

A
  • a pure substance made of two or more elements
  • 1:1 ratio
  • can be broken
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4
Q

pure substance:

A

same composition throughout
- single element or single compound

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5
Q

element:

A
  • the simplest type of pure substance
  • consists of one atom
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6
Q

mixture:

A
  • variable composition(more than one)
  • collection of more than one pure substance in no fixed proportion
  • keep their separate identities and properties
  • components of a mixture can be separated by physical(mechanical) methods
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7
Q

Homogenous mixture:

A
  • same uniform appearance
  • referred to as solutions
  • miscible -liquids that mix completely
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8
Q

heterogenous mixture:

A
  • visibly different substances or phases
  • immiscible liquids such as oil and water
  • suspension + emulsion
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9
Q

suspension:

A

heterogeneous mixture of solids and liquids ex. sand in water

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10
Q

emulsion:

A

stable distribution of a liquid in another liquid ex. oil in water

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11
Q

physical property meaning

A

properties that describe the physical characteristics of a substance and not how it reacts chemically

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12
Q

examples of physical properties

A
  • luster, shiny or dull?
  • hardness, can it be scratched?
  • ductile - can it go into a wire?
  • malleable - can it bend
  • conductivity - does heat or electricity move through it
  • density - how heavy is it, what is its size
  • solubility - ability to dissolve
  • melting point- at what temp will it melt
  • boiling point- at what point will it evaporate
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13
Q

chemical property meaning

A

properties of a substance that describe how that substance’s chemical composition will change

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14
Q

chemical properties examples

A
  • flammable - how easily will the substance react when exposed to falme or how will it react?
  • radioactive - how the nucleus of the atom is going to change
  • oxidizer- substance that promotes combustion in other materials
  • corrosive- can the object strip off electrons from metals
    -toxicity - substance that could be toxic
  • pH - measure of how acidic or basic a substance is
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15
Q

chemical change?

A
  • change that produces a new substance and involveds a chemical reaction
  • start and end of change are different (not equal)
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16
Q

signs of a chemical change

A

light, heat, colour change, gas production, odour, sound

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17
Q

physical change

A

involves changes in physical properties
- start and finish of the change are the same(composition)

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18
Q

leaf adaptations for gas exchange:

A
  1. palisade is packed with chloroplasts for photosynthesis
  2. leaf has a transparent upper epidermis to let light to the palisade
  3. broad shape to increase surface area to catch more light
  4. thin to allow rapid diffusion for gas exchange
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19
Q

palisade mesophyll layer:

A
  • consists of tightly packed cells that contain chloroplasts
  • where the majority of photosynthesis occurs
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20
Q

spongy mesophyll:

A
  • also contain chloroplasts and carry out photosynthesis
  • cells are not as tightly packed
  • surrounded by air spcaes which allow for the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapour
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21
Q

epidermis:

A

-clear and does not carry out photosynthesis
- protects underlying cells and allows light to pass into the leaf
- upper epidermis is mainly involved in water conservation
- low epidermis is mainly involved in gas exchange

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22
Q

multicellular organisms:

A
  • allows organisms to be larger
  • allows organisms to have cell differentiation - different types of cells to carry out different tasks
  • highly efficient due to a large SA:V ratio
  • long life span due to cells having a relatively light work load
    -cells, tissues, organs, system
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23
Q

unicellular organisms

A

-carry out life processes with just one cell using an internal structure called organelles
- low level of efficiency
- organisms are small due to limited SA:V ratio
- short lifespan due to heavy work load

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24
Q

are prokaryotic cells unicellular or multicellular?

A

unicellular

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25
Q

are eukaryotic cells unicellular or multicellular?

A

can be both

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26
Q

gas exchange in plants:

A

when gases swap over a surface like a cell membrane
- plants exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen with the air or water due to respiration and photosynthesis (photosynthesis produces glucose which is a store of chemical potential energy, respiration releases this stored energy to carry out life processes)

27
Q

gas exchange in plangts during the day

A

-in the daytime, there is sunlight which allows photosynthesis
- the rate of photosynthesis is faster than respiration meaning photosynthesis is more prominent
- CO2 in O2 out

28
Q

gas exchange in plants at night:

A
  • in the night there is no sunlight which means photosynthesis stops
    -repiration continues
  • O2 in CO2 out
29
Q

what did Aristotle do?

A
  • abiogenesis (spontaneous generation)
  • theory that living organisms come from non-living things eg. maggots come from meat
  • based on observation not scientific experiments
  • the concept was unchallenged for more than 2000 years
30
Q

what did francesco redi do?

A
  • first disproved spontaneous generation
  • an experiment that proved maggots come from flies not meat
31
Q

what did Louis Pasteur do?

A
  • acheived biogenesis - life aries from similar life forms
  • used flasks with swan-shaped necks to manipulate the access of dust to broth
32
Q

what did robert hooke do?

A
  • used a three-lens microscope to look at a cork
  • he was able to see individual cells
33
Q

what did antoni van leeuwenhoek do?

A

-used a single lens system similar to a magnifying glass
- able to see moving microorganisms

34
Q

what did M.J. Schleiden, T.S. Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow do

A
  • developed cell theory
  • Shleiden did microscope studies of plant tissue
  • Schwann did microscope studies of animal tissue
  • Virchow did microscope studies of diseased tissues
35
Q

law of conservation of mass

A
  • mass cannot be created or destroyed
  • mass stays the same in reactions
36
Q

xylem:

A
  • transports water and solute from the roots up to the leaves
  • made of rows of cells that form a continuous tube
    elongated dead cells that are impermeable to water
    and have walls containing lignin (woody material)
  • different vascular structure in roots and stems
37
Q

phloem;

A

-moves glucose made in the leaves by photosynthesis
- moves amino acids to the rest of the plant
-made of living cells

38
Q

where are xylem and phloem found

A

vascular bundles.
-position of vascular bundles changes throughout the plant

39
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

-semi-permeable
- hydrophilic heads, hydro phobic tails

40
Q

cholesterol

A

-helps stabilize the membrane
- make the membrane better at controlling what can go through it

41
Q

proteins

A

-transport materials across the membrane

42
Q

carbohydrates

A

-involved in cell identification
-attached to proteins on the outside of cell membranes

43
Q

What doesn’t effect the net radiation budget of a biome?

A

longitude

44
Q

The movement of organelles and molecules within a cell is called

A

cytoplasmic streaming

45
Q

where are the cells that are responsible for cell division and growth in plants found

A

meristems

46
Q

is photosynthesis an endothermic or exothermic reaction

A

endothermic
(respiration is the opposite, exo)

47
Q

how many electrons are in each ion

A

for an ion that has a positive or negative charge, the number of electrons is the atomic number minus the charge of the ion

48
Q

what is bromothymol blue and how does it react with different substances?

A

-when basic it stays blue
-when neutral it turns green
-when acidic it turns yellow

49
Q

what is phenolphthalein and how does it react with different substances

A

-turns pink if it meets something basic
-colourless in neutral or acidic solutions

50
Q

isotopes:

A

atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons, meaning that their mass number varies
eg. carbon-14

51
Q

what two things must be present for a microscope to be called a compound microscope

A

multiple lenses(objective and ocular)

52
Q

where are proteins synthesized in our cells

A

ribosomes

53
Q

what organelle do bacteria NOT have, what is this type of cell called?

A

they lack a nucleus which is called a prokaryotic cell

54
Q

homeostasis:

A

a self-regulating process by which a living organism can maintain internal stability while adjusting to changing external conditions.

55
Q

ions made of 2 or more atoms covalently bonded are called….

A

polyatomic ions

56
Q

what happens when metallic elements form ions

A

they lose electrons to become cations(positive)

57
Q

in all life there is both univerity and diversity meaning

A

animals and plants (and ecosystems) can be very different from each other but they can also have very similar characteristics and work together

58
Q

what are seive tube cells

A

The main function of the sieve tube is the transport of carbohydrates, primarily sucrose, in the plant (e.g., from the leaves to the fruits and roots).

59
Q

companion cells:

A

The function of companion cellsisto attach to the sieve elements by provide enerfy to carry out cell metabolism and regulation and transport

60
Q

seive tube cells and companion cells:

A

Companion cells provide sieve tube members with proteins necessary for signaling and ATP in order to help them transfer molecules between different parts of the plant.

It is the companion cells that helps transport carbohydrates from outside the cells into the sieve tube elements.

61
Q

how does transpiration work

A

Transpiration occurs when plants take up liquid water from the soil and release water vapor into the air from their leaves

62
Q

what is the pressure-flow theory?

A

-It proposes that water containing food molecules flows under pressure through the phloem.
-The pressure is created by the difference in water concentration of the solution in the phloem and the relatively pure water in the nearby xylem ducts.

63
Q

transpiration vs evaporation

A

-Evaporation is the process of surface water absorbing heat energy from the sun or from warm air and changing from a liquid to a gas.
-Transpiration is when water evaporates through plants.

64
Q

what is cell theory?

A

1.) All organisms are made of one or more cells.
2.) All existing cells are produced by other living cells through cell division.
3.) The cell is the most basic unit of life.

Science (14 decks)

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