Science 10 : Chemistry Flashcards
When did chemstry begin its practices?
1700s
What is chemistry?
The study of matter and its properties, the changes that matter goes through and the energy associated with those changes
Whats an atom
building blocks of matter and they cannot be broken down into simpler substances
what are elements
are the names we give atoms based on the number of protons in their nucleus
what are molecules
group of atoms bonded together
What are compounds
a type of molecule in which two or more different elements are bound together
define matter
anything with mass, volume, and takes up space
can be solid, liquid, or gas
What is a mixture
matter that can be seperated by physical means
does not have a definite composition
pure substance
matter that has a definite compoition(chemical formula)
Hetergenous mixture
aka mechanical micture
different components of the mixture are visible
ex: trail mix, orange juice with pulp
Homogenous mixture
aka solution
Different components are not visible
ex: tea, milk
Element
cannot chemically be broken down
on periodic table
What is the billiard model
- atoms are the smallest particles of matter
- all atoms were like small solid spheres like a billiard ball
WHo made the billiard model
Dalton
Plum pudding model define
positively charged mass(protons) embedded with negatively charged particles(electrons). The positive and negative charges balanced each other out
Who made the plum pudding model
Thompson
Planetary model
almost all of an atoms mass is located in the center which he called the nucleus
nucleuas was composed of positively charged particles called protons
Elcetrons rotated around the nucleus at random
WHo made the planetary model
Rutherford
What is the Bohr atomic model
Hypothesized that electron rotated around the nuclues in fixed pathways
determine that the nucleus consited of both protons and nuetrons
Who made the Bohr atomic model
Bohr
Electron cloud model
electrons behave more like waves than particles
model is based on a series of mathematical equations allowing us to predict where electrons are ost likely to be found.
Who made the electron cloud model
Chrodinger and Loui de Broglie
How to get nuetrons
atomic mass - atomic #
Whats period
horizontal row that organizes elements according to their atomic numbers. The number of period equals the number of energy level for that atom. ( how many energy rings)
What is a group
Vertical columns also called families organize elements based on the number of valence electrons they possess.
state of a metal
solids at room temp (except for mercury - liquid)
appearance of metals
shiny and lustre
conductivity of metals
good conductors of heat sn electricity
Malleability and ductility of metals
ductile and very malleable
state of non metals
some gases, some solids ( only one liquid, bromine)
appearance of non-metals
not shiny, dull
conductivity of non metals
poor conductors of heat and electricity
malleability and ductility of non metals
brittle, not ductile
State of metalloids
solids at room temp
appearance od metalloids
can be shiny or dull
conductivity of metalloids
some conduct electricity, all are poor conductors of heat. good insulators
malleability and ductility of metalloids
brittle, not ductile
Alkali metals
extremely reactive, rarely found in pure form
alkaline metals
less reactive than alkali metals
halogens
extremely reactive
gases at room temp (except bromine)
Noble gases
non-reactive elements
Valance shell and electons
the outer energy ring in an element
the amount of electrons on the outer most shell
ions
atoms that have lost or gained electrons, resulting in either a positive or negative charge
Anions
are negatively charge (resultfrom a gain or electrons)
Cations
positively charges (result from a loss of electrons)
metals are cations true or false
true
how do you name cations
write the name of the metal and add the word ion ex:copper ion
non-metals are negatively charged and are called anions true or false
true
how to name anions
write the name of the non-metals change the ending to ide and add the word ion ex: sulphide ion
whats an ionic compound
metal + non-metal
electron distrubution in ionic compund
electrons are transferred from metal to non-metal
whats a molecular compound
non-metal + non- metal
electron distribution of molecular compounds
electrons are shared between atoms
how do you name an ionic compound?
write the metal first, change the ending of the second element to ide
what do chemical formulas show
shows the simplest whole number ratio of each type of ion
how to write ionic chemical formulas
write the cation and anion beside each other with their charges, balance the positive and negative charges by adding cations and anions as needed, and reduce to lowest terms (criss-cross method)
What are elements with multiple charges called
multivalent
How do you name multivalent compounds
identify ions and their charges pay attention to roman numerals, determine the total charges needed to balance, not ratio of cations to anions
how do you name molecular compounds
write first element listed in the chemical formula, change the ending of the name of the second element to ide, use a prefix to indicate the number of each tyoe of atom
the prefix mono is onlt used when reffereing the second element in molecular compounds tru or false
true
whats H20
water
whats 03
ozone
whats the formula for ammonia
NH3
Methane formula
CH4
whats the formula for glucose
C6H12O6
ionic characteristics
crystal lattice shape, high melting and boiling point due to strong bonds, conduct electricity when dissolved in water
characteristics of molecular compunds
individual molecules randomly arranged, low melting and boiling points due to weak bonds, do not conduct electricity when dissolved in water
what do all acid have
hydrogen ions
what do all bases have
hydroxide ions
what is the ph for bases
7.1-14
whats the ph for acids
0-6.9
properties of an acid
proton donors in chemical reactions form H+ ions in solution, PH 0-6.9, good conductors of electricity, sour taste, mostly foods, turns litmus paper red
properties of a base
proton acceptors in chemical reactions, form OH- ions in solutions, ph 7.1-14, poor conductors of electricity, bitter taste, mostly cleaners, turn litmus paper blue.
are acids and bases both electrolytes
yes
who created the periodic table
Dmitri Mendeleev
