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Science > Biology 10 quiz 2 > Flashcards

Biology 10 quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are multicellular advantages

A
  • larger size organism (SA:V)
  • variety of specialized cells can perform more complex tasks
  • ability to adapt to and thrive in many different environments
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2
Q

multicellular organization:

A

cells -> Tissues -> Organs -> Systems

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3
Q

cells

A

smallest basic unit of life

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4
Q

tissues

A

cluster of cells sharing the same structure and function

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5
Q

organs:

A

combination of different tissues that work together to perform a specific function

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6
Q

system

A

combination of organs and tissues that perform a complex function

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7
Q

Plant organization:

A

plants are specialized into two systems:
- shoot system
- root system
they are further specialized into 3 different tissues:
- dermal tissue
- ground tissue
- vascular tissue

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8
Q

shoot system:

A

everything above ground (eg. stems, leaves, flowers, fruit, buds)

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9
Q

root system:

A

everything below ground (eg. roots)

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10
Q

dermal tissue:

A
  • also called epidermis
  • outer layer of cells that covers all non-woody plants
  • important for gas exchange and water and mineral uptake from soil
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11
Q

what is epidermis mean

A

“skin”

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12
Q

ground tissue:

A
  • the majority of the plant
  • functions: stem for strength and support, roots for food and water storage, leaves where photosynthesis occurs
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13
Q

Vascular tissue:

A
  • important in plant transport
    has xylem and phloem
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14
Q

xylem:

A

-moves water and dissolved minerals from soil to leaves for photosynthesis
- dead hollow cells consisting only of cell walls
- linked end to end, forming long tubes called xylem vessels also known as tracheids

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15
Q

phloem:

A

-moves sugars produced from photosynthesis from leaves to the rest of the plant
- made of living sieve tube cells joined end to end making continuous ducts called phloem vessels
- controlled by the companion cells

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16
Q

cell specialization in leaves:

A

leaves contain several types of specialized cells that help with their most important activity photosynthesis

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17
Q

what do all organisms need to function?

A

energy

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18
Q

where does energy come from and pass down too?

A

it comes from the sun and is passed down through the food chain

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19
Q

how to do organisms create photosynthesis and cellular respiration

A

organisms convert suns energy into usable energy throu two important chemical reactions, photosynthesis and cellular respiration

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20
Q

photosynthesis:

A

-requires light
- light energy is converted into glucose

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21
Q

photosynthesis equation

A

carvon dioxide + water + light energy -> glucose + oxygen

6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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22
Q

why does photosynthesis occur only in plants

A

they have chloroplasts which contain chlorophyll -> traps the suns energy for the reaction

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23
Q

cellular respiration:

A
  • second reaction converts glucose into usable ATP energy
  • reaction occurs in the mitochondria in both plant and animal cells
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24
Q

How do photosynthesis and cellular respiration work together

A

-the two reactions are interdependent
- photosynthesis makes glucose and cellular respiration converts it into usable energy
- animals don’t have chloroplasts so we consume plants to get glucose

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25
Q

Gas exchange in plants

A

plants use their leaves to exchange gases with the environment

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26
Q

how plants breathe

A
  • air diffuses through the stomata
    - CO2 in air dissolves into H2O around cells
    - water enters the leaf through the xylem
  • O2 passes out of cells into air spaces and then through the stomata
    -H2O vapour also exits through the stomata(plants try to prevent this from happening)
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27
Q

whats the stomata

A

an opening in the plant leaf that allows gases to pass through

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28
Q

what do woody plants use for gas exchange

A

woody plants use lenticels

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29
Q

whats transpiration

A

-the evaporation of water from leaves
- can cause plants to lose 99 % of the water absorbed by roots

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30
Q

what are guard cells

A

-guard cells change shape to allow stomata to open or close
-controls the amount of gas exchange and transpiration

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31
Q

how do guard cells control the stomata?

A
  • opening and closing of the stomata is controlled by H2O in guard cells (moves in and out through osmosis)
  • H2O moving in creates high turgor pressure forcing stomata open
  • stomata close as the amount of H2O in guard cells decreases from transpiration
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32
Q

When doe the stomata and gaurd cells open

A

most plants open the stomata during the day and close at night to maximize photosynthesis and reduce water loss

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33
Q

control mechanisms of the stomata

A
  • The number of stomata in a plant depends on its environment
    -dry = don’t want to lose water = fewer stomata
    - humid = water loss inst an issue = many stomata
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34
Q

Vascular system

A

-series of interconnected tubes to transport H2O, minerals and glucose throughout the plant
- extends from roots through the stems to the leaves
- consists of xylem and phloem

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35
Q

water uptake in roots

A

H2O and minerals enter plants from roots via osmosis and active transport

root hairs increase SA:V for more efficient absorption of minerals and water

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36
Q

in what kind of organism does water need to be transported over much longer distances

A

multicellular organisms

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37
Q

what helps transport H2O over large distances

A

The polarity of water. H2O molecules are polar so they can cling to each other and to other substances

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38
Q

what is cohesion

A

attraction of H2O molecules to other H2O molecules
- tendency to stick together
- + end of one is attracted to - end of other

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39
Q

what is adhesion

A

tendency of H2O molecules to stick to other surfaces

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40
Q

how does water move in a plant?

A

root pressure pushes and transpiration pulls

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41
Q

how does root pressure move water

A

-root pressure pushes water up
-as minerals build up, more H2O moves into the root
- pressure builds up and forces fluid up xylem (helped by cohesion and adhesion)

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42
Q

how does transpiration move water?

A

-transpiration pulls
- evaporation of H2O through stomata creates a pulling force

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43
Q

what does facilitated diffusion and active transport pump into the leaf

A

sugar, minerals, and other nutrients

44
Q

how does sugar move

A

moves in phloem from leaves to stem, roots and growing shoots and fruits

45
Q

what does the movement of sugar into phloem do

A

pulls H2O molecules in as well, increasing pressure

46
Q

what does sugar transport cause H2O to do

A

causes H2O to move from high pressure in leaves to low pressure around the plant

47
Q

how are sugar molecules transported

A

sugar molecules are actively transported from sieve tube cells to adjacent cells

48
Q

whats stimuli

A

environmental factors that cause an organism to respond

49
Q

how to plants respond to stimuli

A

-opening or closing stomata
-branches growing
- leaves drop off
- flowers bloom

50
Q

what are tropisms

A

control systems that allow plants to respond to change
- growth movement a plant has in response to stimuli

51
Q

what does a positive tropism do

A

grows towards stimuli

52
Q

what does negative tropism do

A

grows away from stimuli

53
Q

what is phototropism

A

growth of a plant towards light

54
Q

what are the benefits of phototropism?

A

helps plants maximize light needed for photosynthesis

55
Q

what is auxin

A

a hormone produced in plant tips that changes cells growth rate

56
Q

in phototropism, stem cells grow at different rates causing…

A

plants to bend towards the light source

57
Q

what does auxin do in phototropism

A

auxin moves to the shaded side of the plant which causes cells on the shaded side to grow longer, forcing the stem to bend toward to the light

58
Q

growth towards light =

A

positive phototropism

59
Q

growth away from the light=

A

negative phototropism

60
Q

what is gravitropism

A

a plants response to force of gravity

61
Q

positive gravitropism =

A

roots grow towards or with gravity

62
Q

negative gravitropism=

A

stems grow away from gravity (up)

63
Q

in gravitropism when a plant is placed on its side:

A

auxin collects in cells on the lower side of the stem causing cells on the lower side to grow longer and the team curves up
- roots grow down towards gravity

64
Q

what does auxin do in roots?

A

inhibits cell growth
inthe shoots, auxin stimulates cell elongation and promote growth. In the roots, auxin inhibits cell elongation and thus growth

65
Q

what does auxin do in gravitropism when the plant is sideway?

A

auxin collects along the lower side of the stem and slows growth meaning the cells on top grow faster and push roots down

66
Q

nastic response:

A

a plant response to touch

67
Q

circadian reponse(sleep movements):

A

change in the position of a plant’s leaves according to the time of day

controlled by changes in turgor pressure

68
Q

what did charles and francis darwin hypothesize/do?

A

they discovered that the phototropic stimulus (light) is detected at the tip of the plant

69
Q

what did Peter boysen-jensen discover or hypothesize?

A

that a chemical signal produced in the plant tip was responsible for the plant bending response at the base

70
Q

what was F.W. Went’s contribution or conclusion?

A

confirmed Peter Boysen - Jensens hypothesis that a growth chemical is produced in plant tips

named the chemical auxin

71
Q

how does auxin work in plants?

A

stimulates cell elongation by stimulating wall-loosening factors, such as expansins, to loosen cell walls

72
Q

in what organelle does photosynthesis take place in

A

chloroplasts

73
Q

what organelle does cellular respiration take place in

A

mitochondria

74
Q

what are the two procucts of photosynthesis

A

glucose and oxygen

75
Q

what are the two reactants needed for cellular respiration

A

glucose and oxygen

76
Q

what are three products of cellular respiration?

A

water, carbon dioxide, and energy

77
Q

what is the one component in photosynthesis that is not recycled and must be constantly available

A

sunlight

78
Q

what is the cuticle

A

a waxy substance that coats cell to prevent evaporation of water from leaf

79
Q

lower vs upper epidermis

A

Upper epidermis is mainly involved in water conservation. Lower Epidermis: Lower epidermis is mainly involved in the gas exchange.

80
Q

palisade tissue cells:

A

a layer of plant cells containing chloroplasts right below the cuticle and upper epidermis in plants.

81
Q

spongy tissue cells

A
  • layered just below the palisade tissue cells
  • round, loosley packes, and have many air spaces between them
  • contain chloroplasts and carry out photosynthesis
82
Q

whats does vascular tissue contain

A

xylem and phloem

83
Q

do photosynthesis and respiration happen at the same time or at different times

A

same time

84
Q

during photosynthesis, do plants have a net production or loss of oxygen and carbon dioxide

A

net production of oxygen and a net loss of carbon dioxide

85
Q

during cellular respiration do plants have a net production or loss of oxygen and carbon dioxide?

A

net loss of oxygen and net production of carbon dioxide

86
Q

the movement of carbon dioxide throughout the leaf is know as…..

A

passive transport because it travels from an area of high concentration to low concentration

87
Q

lenticles:

A

lens-shaped opening penetrates bark so air can diffuse

88
Q

what do woody plants have to prevent gas exchange with the environment

A

dead cork cells and cuticles

89
Q

what is turgor pressure

A

increase H2O pressure = swollen gaurd cell

90
Q

explain how the guard cells allow the stomata to open and close

A

water moves into guard cell increasing turgor pressure and the stomata opens

water leaves guard cell and turgor pressure decreases causing stomata to close

91
Q

water leaves the plant as…..

A

vapour

92
Q

xylem sap

A

Xylem sap carries soil nutrients (e.g., dissolved minerals) from the root system to the leaves

consists primarily of a watery solution of hormones, mineral elements and other nutrients

93
Q

what would happen if the column of water within a xylem wessel were to break

A

it could block the rising xylem sap

94
Q

why do bubbles form in xylem sap

A

only the water molecules above the point of the break can be pulled upward

95
Q

what are two mechanisms in which water can move upwards over long distnaces

A

pushing and pulling

96
Q

where are 3 places xylem and phloem tissues found

A

leaves, roots, stems

97
Q

are xylem cells living tissues or dead

A

mostly dead cells in a mature plant

98
Q

structure of phloem

A

cylindrical cells joined end to end

99
Q

is phloem made of living cells or dead

A

living

100
Q

what are tracheids

A

-long hollow cells
- both start as living cells that grow end to end but then their contents die leaving only the cell wall
- fluids pass from one tracheid to the next withing the xylem to move water

101
Q

where does most of the water uptake occur

A

tip of epidermal cells because they are very permeable to water

102
Q

what do root hairs do

A

increase surface area

103
Q

where does water go once it is through the root tissue

A

continues diffusing until it reaches the xylem vessels

104
Q

how are minerals moved across the root membranes

A

enter through facilitated diffusion or active transport

105
Q

palisade mesophyll(cell) vs spongy:

A

palisade mesophyll cells are elongated and form a layer beneath the upper epidermis and they are tightly packed whereas spongy mesophyll cells are internal to the lower epidermis and are a random assemblage of irregularly shaped cells

106
Q

arrange the following from most simple to most complex: system, tissue, cell, organ

A

cell, tissue, organ, system

107
Q

what is turgor pressure and how is it changed

A

-the force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall

  • water moving in and out

Science (14 decks)

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