Biology 10 quiz Flashcards
what are the five characteristics of living things
reproduce, produce waste, grow, need energy, responds and adapts to their environment, made up of cells,
what was aristotles technology, technique, and achievement
he did not do any experimentation and he acheived spontaneous generation
who created spontaneous generation
aristotle
what is spontaneous generation?
organisms appear from non-living things
what were Francisco Redis’s technology, technique, and achievements?
he manipulated access to flies to test spontaneous generation and he showed maggots come from flies not from meat
what were Louis pasteur technology, techniques, and achievements?
he used flasks with swan-shaped necks to manipulate the access of dust to broth, he achieved biogenesis
who achieved and came up with biogenesis?
Louis Pasteur
What were Robert Hookes’s technology or techniques,and achievements
he used a three-lens microscope to look at a cork and he discovered and achieved that magnification was great enough to see individual “cells”
What did Antoni can Leeuwenhoek achieve?
he was able to see moving micro-organisms
what were Antoni van Leeuwenhoek’s technology or technique?
he used a single lens system similar to a magnify glass
what did M.J. Schleiden, T.S. Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow achieve?
the development of the cell theory
how dod Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow develop the cell theory? what was their technology or tenchique
Microscope studyies of plant tissues(Schleiden), animal tissues(Schwann), and diseased tissues(Virchow)
what are the three components of cell theory
- all organisms are composed of one or more cells
- cells are the smallest unit of life
- all cells come from pre-existing cells through cell division
what are the processes of a cell
-nutrient intake
- movement
- growth
- response to stimuli
- gas exchange
- waste removal
- reproduction
prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells
plants, animals, and fungi are eukaryotic, and bacteria and archea are prokaryotic
Parts of an animal cell
cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria
parts of a plant cell
cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, cell wall, chloroplasts, vacuole
what is the cell membrane:
flexible boundary that controls the movement of materials in and out of the cell, important for cell communication
what is cytoplasm
jelly like material found throughout the cell in whicj organelles are suspended, it contains water and nutrients
what is the nucleus
controls all cellular activities, where DNA is stored
what is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
a series of interconnected tubes that branch from the nucleus, there are two types; smooth ER and rough ER
what does the smooth ER do
makes lipids(fat) for delivery out of the cellq
what does the rough ER do
makes proteins for delivery out of the cell, embedded with ribosomes which help create the proteins
what are ribosomes
may be embedded in the rough ER or in the cytoplasm, translates mRNA from nucleus into sequences of smino acids(proteins)
what is the golgi apparatus
flat, disc-shaped sacs involved in secretion, receives substances from the ER and packages them for transport out of the cell
what are lysosomes
digest and break down wate and other fereign particleswhat
is the mitochondria
the powerhouse of the cell, where cellular respiration takes place; provides ATP(energy) for use by the cell
what is cellular respiration
enerfy from glucose is broken down into ATP
what is the cell wall
plant cells only, rigid outer portion of the cell, provides shape and support
what are chloroplasts
plant cells only, where photosynthesis takes place, contain chlorophyll, a green pigment which helps absorb light from the sun
what are vacuoles
store water and other substances, animals have vesicles that are smaller and store more nutrients wastes and fats
cell membranes:
they are around each organelle and the whole cell, all materials entering or exiting cell must cross the membrane
cell functions of the cell membrane
protective barrier, selective filter, compartmentalization, communication
cell protective barrier:
prevents bacteria, viruses, slats, ions and other unwanted items from entering the cell
cell selective filter:
- allows transport- of nutrients, and waste out of the cell
- semi-permeable - only lets some things pass through
cell compartmentalization:
keeps things contained- digestive enzymes inside lysosomes
cell communication:
recognize substances and interact with each other
structure of a cell:
changes according to each cell’s needs is fluid and flexible
What is the fluid mosaic model?
- describes the structure of the cell membrane
Mosaic - composed of many different things
Fluid - moves and flows (ability to change shape) - each part plays a role in allowing the movement of nutrients, gases and waste in and out of the cell
components of the fluid mosaic model
phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, carbohydrates
what does the phospholipid bilayer do in the fluid mosaic model?
- a double layer of phospholipids, proteins, lipids, and
carbohydrates are embedded between these layers - phospholipids arrange themselves into layers
what are hydrophilic lipids?
the heads of phospholipids are called hydrophilic which means they are water-loving and dissolve easily in water
what are hydrophobic lipids?
the tails of phospholipids are called hydrophobic meaning they are water-fearing and are repelled by water molecules
proteins in the fluid mosaic model
- found floating within the membrane
- passageways in or out of the cell
- help transport certain substances through the membrane
cholesterol in the fluid mosaic model
- helps maintain fluidity
carbohydrates in the fluid mosaic model
- attached to the membrane’s outer surface
- involved in cell-to-cell communication
membrane transport:
membranes control movement across cells based on size, shape and electric charge
Whats Brownian motion
all matter is made up of atoms, in liquid and air, atoms are in constant random motion which is called Brownian motion.
what is concentration
- describes the “strength” of a solution
- a high concentration has a lot of solute and a little solvent
What is a solvent vs. a solute?
solute: thing being dissolved ex: tea, salt
solvent: the thing the solute is being dissolved in
whats the concentration gradient?
- the difference in concentration between two areas
- molecules move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
- moving DOWN a concentration gradient
What is equilibrium
- occurs when molecules are evenly distributed
- molecules don’t stop moving after reaching equilibrium
what is passive transport?
movement across membrane down the concentration gradient. -
- no energy
what are the three types of passive transport?
osmosis, diffusion, and facilitated diffusion
what is diffusion
particles move from a high concentration to a low concentration
- limited to small molecules that fit between phospholipid bilayer
- temperature, particle size and charge all affect rate of diffusion
what is osmosis
diffusion of WATER molecules across a membrane
what is a hypotonic solution
has a lower concentration of solute than inside the cell causing water to move into the cell.
the cell gets bigger
what is a hypotonic cell called in animal vs plant cells
animal is called lysis and plant cells create cell turgor
what is a hypertonic solution
the solvent has a higher amount of solute than inside of the cell causing water to move from inside of the cell out. water moves from a high concentration to a low concentration OUT of the cell.
- the cell shrinks
what is shrinkage from a hypertonic solution called in animal vs plant cells?
animal cell shrinkage is called crenation, in plant cells, it is called plasmolysis
what is an isotonic solution?
the same concentration of solute inside and outside of the cell, water moves in and out of the cell at equal rates.
- called a state of equilibrium
what is facilitated diffusion
- glucose and ions are too big to pass through the phospholipid bilayer
- transport proteins help move across the membrane
- carrier proteins transport glucose and channel proteins transport ions
what are carrier proteins?
- they transport glucose
- change shape to transport glucose
what are channel proteins?
- transport ions
- provides tunnels for ions to diffuse through
what is active transport?
- uses energy (ATP) to transport molecules against their concentration gradients
- particles move from LOW concentration to HIGH concentration using chemical energy called ATP
what uses active transport
- plant root cells to take in minerals from the surrounding soil
- all cells to remove waste
what is endocytosis
- method of moving molecules into the cell if they are too big to fit through the membrane
- the membrane folds and forms a pocket around the material to be transported
what are the three types of endocytosis?
phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis
what is phagocytosis
means cell eating, used to ingest food
pinocytosis meaning
means cell drinking, used by cells to ingest fluids
what is receptor-mediated endocytosis?
- used to take in molecules like cholesterol
- receptors on membrane proteins identify an item for transport
-proteins bind together to trigger endocytosis
what is exocytosis
- the reverse of endocytosis
- materials stored in vesicles and vacuoles leave the cell
-vesicle fuses with the membrane releasing stored contents to the outside
why are cells so small?
- as an efficient open system, cells must be able to carry out all of life processes
- transport of materials in and out of the cell is critical because it allows these chemical reactions to happen
the surface area of a cell
surface area(SA) of a cell is the outer circumference
the volume of a cell
the volume (V) of a cell is its contents
surface area to volume ratio
- as cells get bigger, their SA:V decreases
- Volume increases much faster than SA
-this means the cell membrane may not have enough SA to transport nutrients and waste
what does a large SA: V ratio do for a cell
cells can transport more efficiently when they have a large SA: V
what could happen to a cell with a low SA: V ratio
the cell could either starve or be poisoned by a build-up of its waste
what do specialized cells do
specialized cells for transporting nutrients (eg. plant root cells, digestive tract.) increase SA:V increase transport rates
how do you get the total magnification of a microscope?
total magnification=power of objective lens(3 lens at bottom) x power of eye peice
what are compound light microscopes?
- magnify cells using lenses and a light source
- can magnify objects up to 2000 times(2000X)
- brings the image into focus within the microscope’s tube using an objective lens
- magnifies the image by a second lens (ocular lens or eyepiece)
microscope contrast
-staining cells allows contrast between internal structures of a cell to produce better images
what are electron microscopes
- use a bean of electrons instead of light
- detailed images are formed by absorption or scattering of electron beam
- two types: transmission electron (TEM) and scanning electron (SEM)whats a transmission el
transmission electron microscope
- used to study the internal structure of cells
- electron beam is passed through thin section of tissue covered in plastic
- magnify up to 1.5 million times
scanning electron microscope
- specimen is coated with a material that will reflect electrons
- form a 3D image up to 300 000X magnification
difference between light and electron microscopes
light: can study live cells
electron: cells have to be dead, higher magnification, greater detail(2D or 3D), most powerful today
Field of view calculations
Field diameter at X power = Low Power magnification / X magnification x Low power field diameter
feild of view
- as magnification increases, FOV gets smaller
- low magnification: large FOV = bright image
high magnification: small FOV = dimmer image
estimating size:
- calculate the FOV diameter for the magnification you are using
- estimate how many times the object will fit across FOV
The actual size of object=feild diameter/number of objects estimated to fit across the field of view
eye peice or ocular lens
has a lens that magnifies the object, usually by 10 times (10X)
coarse adjustment knob
moves the tube up and down to bring the object into focus
cellular respiration formula
glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy
C6H12O6 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O + ATP
photosynthesis formula
6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
carbon dioxide + water + light energy -> glucose + oxygen
fine adjustment knob
used with medium and high power magnification to bring object into sharper focus
revolving nosepeice
rotating disk holds two or more objective lenses. turn it to change lenses.
objective lenses
magnifies the object. each lens has a different power of magnification (low, medium, and high power.)
stage:
supports the microscope slide
stage clips
stage clips hold the slide in position
diaphragm
adjusts the diameter of an opening to control the amount of light passing through the specimen
lamp or mirror
lamp: supplies the light required to view the specimen
mirror: directs light from the surroundings through the diaphragm
arm:
connects the base and the tube, used for carrying the microscope
base:
supports the microscope
used for carrying
