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Biology 10 quiz Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the five characteristics of living things

A

reproduce, produce waste, grow, need energy, responds and adapts to their environment, made up of cells,

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2
Q

what was aristotles technology, technique, and achievement

A

he did not do any experimentation and he acheived spontaneous generation

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3
Q

who created spontaneous generation

A

aristotle

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4
Q

what is spontaneous generation?

A

organisms appear from non-living things

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5
Q

what were Francisco Redis’s technology, technique, and achievements?

A

he manipulated access to flies to test spontaneous generation and he showed maggots come from flies not from meat

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6
Q

what were Louis pasteur technology, techniques, and achievements?

A

he used flasks with swan-shaped necks to manipulate the access of dust to broth, he achieved biogenesis

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7
Q

who achieved and came up with biogenesis?

A

Louis Pasteur

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8
Q

What were Robert Hookes’s technology or techniques,and achievements

A

he used a three-lens microscope to look at a cork and he discovered and achieved that magnification was great enough to see individual “cells”

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9
Q

What did Antoni can Leeuwenhoek achieve?

A

he was able to see moving micro-organisms

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10
Q

what were Antoni van Leeuwenhoek’s technology or technique?

A

he used a single lens system similar to a magnify glass

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11
Q

what did M.J. Schleiden, T.S. Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow achieve?

A

the development of the cell theory

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12
Q

how dod Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow develop the cell theory? what was their technology or tenchique

A

Microscope studyies of plant tissues(Schleiden), animal tissues(Schwann), and diseased tissues(Virchow)

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13
Q

what are the three components of cell theory

A
  1. all organisms are composed of one or more cells
  2. cells are the smallest unit of life
  3. all cells come from pre-existing cells through cell division
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14
Q

what are the processes of a cell

A

-nutrient intake
- movement
- growth
- response to stimuli
- gas exchange
- waste removal
- reproduction

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15
Q

prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells

A

plants, animals, and fungi are eukaryotic, and bacteria and archea are prokaryotic

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16
Q

Parts of an animal cell

A

cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria

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17
Q

parts of a plant cell

A

cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, cell wall, chloroplasts, vacuole

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18
Q

what is the cell membrane:

A

flexible boundary that controls the movement of materials in and out of the cell, important for cell communication

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19
Q

what is cytoplasm

A

jelly like material found throughout the cell in whicj organelles are suspended, it contains water and nutrients

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20
Q

what is the nucleus

A

controls all cellular activities, where DNA is stored

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21
Q

what is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

a series of interconnected tubes that branch from the nucleus, there are two types; smooth ER and rough ER

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22
Q

what does the smooth ER do

A

makes lipids(fat) for delivery out of the cellq

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23
Q

what does the rough ER do

A

makes proteins for delivery out of the cell, embedded with ribosomes which help create the proteins

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24
Q

what are ribosomes

A

may be embedded in the rough ER or in the cytoplasm, translates mRNA from nucleus into sequences of smino acids(proteins)

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25
Q

what is the golgi apparatus

A

flat, disc-shaped sacs involved in secretion, receives substances from the ER and packages them for transport out of the cell

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26
Q

what are lysosomes

A

digest and break down wate and other fereign particleswhat

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27
Q

is the mitochondria

A

the powerhouse of the cell, where cellular respiration takes place; provides ATP(energy) for use by the cell

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28
Q

what is cellular respiration

A

enerfy from glucose is broken down into ATP

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29
Q

what is the cell wall

A

plant cells only, rigid outer portion of the cell, provides shape and support

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30
Q

what are chloroplasts

A

plant cells only, where photosynthesis takes place, contain chlorophyll, a green pigment which helps absorb light from the sun

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31
Q

what are vacuoles

A

store water and other substances, animals have vesicles that are smaller and store more nutrients wastes and fats

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32
Q

cell membranes:

A

they are around each organelle and the whole cell, all materials entering or exiting cell must cross the membrane

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33
Q

cell functions of the cell membrane

A

protective barrier, selective filter, compartmentalization, communication

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34
Q

cell protective barrier:

A

prevents bacteria, viruses, slats, ions and other unwanted items from entering the cell

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35
Q

cell selective filter:

A
  • allows transport- of nutrients, and waste out of the cell
  • semi-permeable - only lets some things pass through
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36
Q

cell compartmentalization:

A

keeps things contained- digestive enzymes inside lysosomes

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37
Q

cell communication:

A

recognize substances and interact with each other

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38
Q

structure of a cell:

A

changes according to each cell’s needs is fluid and flexible

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39
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model?

A
  • describes the structure of the cell membrane
    Mosaic - composed of many different things
    Fluid - moves and flows (ability to change shape)
  • each part plays a role in allowing the movement of nutrients, gases and waste in and out of the cell
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40
Q

components of the fluid mosaic model

A

phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, carbohydrates

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41
Q

what does the phospholipid bilayer do in the fluid mosaic model?

A
  • a double layer of phospholipids, proteins, lipids, and
    carbohydrates are embedded between these layers
  • phospholipids arrange themselves into layers
42
Q

what are hydrophilic lipids?

A

the heads of phospholipids are called hydrophilic which means they are water-loving and dissolve easily in water

43
Q

what are hydrophobic lipids?

A

the tails of phospholipids are called hydrophobic meaning they are water-fearing and are repelled by water molecules

44
Q

proteins in the fluid mosaic model

A
  • found floating within the membrane
  • passageways in or out of the cell
  • help transport certain substances through the membrane
45
Q

cholesterol in the fluid mosaic model

A
  • helps maintain fluidity
46
Q

carbohydrates in the fluid mosaic model

A
  • attached to the membrane’s outer surface
  • involved in cell-to-cell communication
47
Q

membrane transport:

A

membranes control movement across cells based on size, shape and electric charge

48
Q

Whats Brownian motion

A

all matter is made up of atoms, in liquid and air, atoms are in constant random motion which is called Brownian motion.

49
Q

what is concentration

A
  • describes the “strength” of a solution
  • a high concentration has a lot of solute and a little solvent
50
Q

What is a solvent vs. a solute?

A

solute: thing being dissolved ex: tea, salt
solvent: the thing the solute is being dissolved in

51
Q

whats the concentration gradient?

A
  • the difference in concentration between two areas
  • molecules move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
  • moving DOWN a concentration gradient
52
Q

What is equilibrium

A
  • occurs when molecules are evenly distributed
  • molecules don’t stop moving after reaching equilibrium
53
Q

what is passive transport?

A

movement across membrane down the concentration gradient. -

  • no energy
54
Q

what are the three types of passive transport?

A

osmosis, diffusion, and facilitated diffusion

55
Q

what is diffusion

A

particles move from a high concentration to a low concentration

  • limited to small molecules that fit between phospholipid bilayer
  • temperature, particle size and charge all affect rate of diffusion
56
Q

what is osmosis

A

diffusion of WATER molecules across a membrane

57
Q

what is a hypotonic solution

A

has a lower concentration of solute than inside the cell causing water to move into the cell.

the cell gets bigger

58
Q

what is a hypotonic cell called in animal vs plant cells

A

animal is called lysis and plant cells create cell turgor

59
Q

what is a hypertonic solution

A

the solvent has a higher amount of solute than inside of the cell causing water to move from inside of the cell out. water moves from a high concentration to a low concentration OUT of the cell.

  • the cell shrinks
60
Q

what is shrinkage from a hypertonic solution called in animal vs plant cells?

A

animal cell shrinkage is called crenation, in plant cells, it is called plasmolysis

61
Q

what is an isotonic solution?

A

the same concentration of solute inside and outside of the cell, water moves in and out of the cell at equal rates.

  • called a state of equilibrium
62
Q

what is facilitated diffusion

A
  • glucose and ions are too big to pass through the phospholipid bilayer
  • transport proteins help move across the membrane
  • carrier proteins transport glucose and channel proteins transport ions
63
Q

what are carrier proteins?

A
  • they transport glucose
  • change shape to transport glucose
64
Q

what are channel proteins?

A
  • transport ions
  • provides tunnels for ions to diffuse through
65
Q

what is active transport?

A
  • uses energy (ATP) to transport molecules against their concentration gradients
  • particles move from LOW concentration to HIGH concentration using chemical energy called ATP
66
Q

what uses active transport

A
  • plant root cells to take in minerals from the surrounding soil
  • all cells to remove waste
67
Q

what is endocytosis

A
  • method of moving molecules into the cell if they are too big to fit through the membrane
  • the membrane folds and forms a pocket around the material to be transported
68
Q

what are the three types of endocytosis?

A

phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis

69
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

means cell eating, used to ingest food

70
Q

pinocytosis meaning

A

means cell drinking, used by cells to ingest fluids

71
Q

what is receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A
  • used to take in molecules like cholesterol
  • receptors on membrane proteins identify an item for transport
    -proteins bind together to trigger endocytosis
72
Q

what is exocytosis

A
  • the reverse of endocytosis
  • materials stored in vesicles and vacuoles leave the cell
    -vesicle fuses with the membrane releasing stored contents to the outside
73
Q

why are cells so small?

A
  • as an efficient open system, cells must be able to carry out all of life processes
  • transport of materials in and out of the cell is critical because it allows these chemical reactions to happen
74
Q

the surface area of a cell

A

surface area(SA) of a cell is the outer circumference

75
Q

the volume of a cell

A

the volume (V) of a cell is its contents

76
Q

surface area to volume ratio

A
  • as cells get bigger, their SA:V decreases
  • Volume increases much faster than SA
    -this means the cell membrane may not have enough SA to transport nutrients and waste
77
Q

what does a large SA: V ratio do for a cell

A

cells can transport more efficiently when they have a large SA: V

78
Q

what could happen to a cell with a low SA: V ratio

A

the cell could either starve or be poisoned by a build-up of its waste

79
Q

what do specialized cells do

A

specialized cells for transporting nutrients (eg. plant root cells, digestive tract.) increase SA:V increase transport rates

80
Q

how do you get the total magnification of a microscope?

A

total magnification=power of objective lens(3 lens at bottom) x power of eye peice

81
Q

what are compound light microscopes?

A
  • magnify cells using lenses and a light source
  • can magnify objects up to 2000 times(2000X)
  • brings the image into focus within the microscope’s tube using an objective lens
  • magnifies the image by a second lens (ocular lens or eyepiece)
82
Q

microscope contrast

A

-staining cells allows contrast between internal structures of a cell to produce better images

83
Q

what are electron microscopes

A
  • use a bean of electrons instead of light
  • detailed images are formed by absorption or scattering of electron beam
  • two types: transmission electron (TEM) and scanning electron (SEM)whats a transmission el
84
Q

transmission electron microscope

A
  • used to study the internal structure of cells
  • electron beam is passed through thin section of tissue covered in plastic
  • magnify up to 1.5 million times
85
Q

scanning electron microscope

A
  • specimen is coated with a material that will reflect electrons
  • form a 3D image up to 300 000X magnification
86
Q

difference between light and electron microscopes

A

light: can study live cells
electron: cells have to be dead, higher magnification, greater detail(2D or 3D), most powerful today

87
Q

Field of view calculations

A

Field diameter at X power = Low Power magnification / X magnification x Low power field diameter

88
Q

feild of view

A
  • as magnification increases, FOV gets smaller
  • low magnification: large FOV = bright image
    high magnification: small FOV = dimmer image
89
Q

estimating size:

A
  • calculate the FOV diameter for the magnification you are using
  • estimate how many times the object will fit across FOV
    The actual size of object=feild diameter/number of objects estimated to fit across the field of view
90
Q

eye peice or ocular lens

A

has a lens that magnifies the object, usually by 10 times (10X)

91
Q

coarse adjustment knob

A

moves the tube up and down to bring the object into focus

92
Q

cellular respiration formula

A

glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy
C6H12O6 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O + ATP

93
Q

photosynthesis formula

A

6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
carbon dioxide + water + light energy -> glucose + oxygen

94
Q

fine adjustment knob

A

used with medium and high power magnification to bring object into sharper focus

95
Q

revolving nosepeice

A

rotating disk holds two or more objective lenses. turn it to change lenses.

96
Q

objective lenses

A

magnifies the object. each lens has a different power of magnification (low, medium, and high power.)

97
Q

stage:

A

supports the microscope slide

98
Q

stage clips

A

stage clips hold the slide in position

99
Q

diaphragm

A

adjusts the diameter of an opening to control the amount of light passing through the specimen

100
Q

lamp or mirror

A

lamp: supplies the light required to view the specimen
mirror: directs light from the surroundings through the diaphragm

101
Q

arm:

A

connects the base and the tube, used for carrying the microscope

102
Q

base:

A

supports the microscope
used for carrying

Science (14 decks)

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