School Age And Adolescent Flashcards
School age
6-12 years
School age biological growth
- Wt—4-6 lbs/year
- Ht—2 inches/year
- General appearance—slimmer look with long legs
- Inc in muscle (not very strong)
- Dec in HC in relation to ht
- Thinner at waist
School age VS and immune system
- Bladder capacity inc
- heart and rep dec to HR 70-90 and RR 16-24
- BP inc to around 112/60
- immune system more competent but get sicker in first years of school bc haven’t had the chance to develop antibodies yet
School age teeth
- deciduous teeth lost until age 12
- avg kid gains 28 permanent teeth
- Should be able to brush independently by school age
- dental caries are big problems—need good hygiene
- limit snacks (high protein, fruit and veg)
School agers motor and sensory dev
- bone growth faster than muscle and ligament development
- susceptible to fractures
- mvts more limber, graceful, and coordinated
- better stamina and energy
- vision 20/20 by 6-7 years
- brain growth (size) complete by 10 years of age
School age fine motor development
- 6 year old—tie shoelaces, cut and paste, print (reverses letters)
- 7Y reads
- 8Y cursive
- 9Y mature writing
School age motor development 6-8 years
can ride a bike, run, jump, climb, hop, improved eye-hand coordination, prints word and learn cursive writing, brush and comb hair; gain modesty
Motor dev 8-10Y
Throw ball well, participate in organized sports, use both hands ind, handle eating utensils
10-12 motor dev
Enjoy physical activities, improve motor coordination
School aged stress
Supernatural beings, injury, storm, the dark, staying home alone, separation from parents, things on TV, movies, failure in school, tests, being unattractive
School age sleep
During school age, sleep time declines slightly but inc during pre-pubertal growth spurt
School age play
- inc physical skill, intellect, fantasy but kids form sense of belonging as group
- need for conformity comes through games they play
- want to be with peers and influenced by them
- age 6 like more structured activities
- age 8 like table games, hate to lose
- age 10, kids ready for competition
- comprehend rules and rituals of games and want to succeed
- good eye/hand coordination and logical thinking
- observe and classify, collect—Piaget skill
- music
- boys and girls stay separate
Social dev in school age kids
Some kids forces to act outside peer group to conform at home; start to mix awkwardly with opposite sex; bullying
- continued egocentric
- want to be first
- peer oriented
- improve relx with siblings
- greater self-control, confident, sincere
- respect parents and role
- engaged in real world tasks
School age temperaments
Continue thru this stage
School age red flags
Social isolation, school failure, lack friends, aggressive behavior—fight, fire setting, animal abuse
School age for Erickson
Industry vs inferiority—children get skills to help with contribute to community; feel good at something thru personal and interpersonal competence
- must enjoy the process of something—hobby
- be part of a group
- medically, ex: take own blood sugar
Piaget for school agers
Concrete operational—can use thoughts to experience events and situations
- mental operations (understand amount of milk in a taller thinner glass is same as in a wider shorter glass)
- rapidly acquire cognitive skills
- less rigid and egocentric
- progress from making judgement on what they see to making judgments on what they think
- Learn reversibility
- learn classification skills
School age cognitive development
- learn conservation of liquid, mass, number, length, area, volume
- reversibility—think about consequences
- classification skills—group things by common attributes
- can serialize
- ability to read (make it fun)
- understand conservation
- focus on phenomena they can see occurring
Kohlberg for school agers
Conventional morality stage 3-4
- acts to gain approval of others
- good behavior is what pleases others
- respect for rules, laws, authority
- rarely questions those in authority—leads to abuse
- guilt when break rules
- begin to question as they age
School age lang
Learn syntax of lang and grammar, use lang to give directions, make word meanings from inferences; meta-linguistic awareness—pick up jokes, riddles, puns
School age personal development
- confidence of place w/i family gives them ability to branch out
- peer groups
- boys and girls inc tolerant of each other
- learn to argue, persuade, bargain, cooperate, compromise with friends
- sibling conflict inc
- need parents to act as parents, not pals
- parents help them not act on every urge
School age body image
- become very aware of everyone’s
- notice if overweight or muscular
- aware of diabilitites
- aware of hair, less aware of other grooming
- child may be concerned but not share with others
Prepubescent
2Y period before puberty, diff between boys and girls, early appearance of secondary sex char in girls and late appearance in boys
Adolescents bio growth
Rapid; growth fastest in girl in early puberty, boys in mid puberty; girls gain 2-8in and 15-55lbs; boys 4-12in and 15-65lbs
Adolescent nutrition
Need multivitamin, calcium, and vitamin D; will be very hungry then not
Adolescent secondary sex char
- pubic hair
- menarche or penis growth
- voice changes for boys
- underarm hair
- facial hair growth for boys
- inc production of oil, sweat glands, acne
Female puberty
- Earliest change is breast dev then pubic hair in 2-6 months
- inc in vaginal discharge early on
- menarche 2Y after dev of breast buds (avg age 12.5)
- pubertal delay if no breast dev by age 13 or menarche w/i 2-2.5 years of onset of breast dev
- precocious puberty is considered if breast or pubic hair occurs before 6 or 7
Male puberty
- testicular enlargement and lengthening first (9.5-14Y)
- pubic hair growth begins early
- gynecomastia occurs mid puberty (man breasts—correlated to body fat and often temporary)
- pubertal delay if no enlargement of testes or scrotum by age 14 or if genital growth not complete 4Y after testicles enlargement
- precocious puberty if secondary sex char occur before age 9
Adolescent stress
Inept social performance, social isolation, sexuality, drugs, war, divorce, crowds, gossip, public speaking, death
Myths of adolescence
They are invincible and always “on stage”
Adolescent brain development
Not completely dev until late adolescence—emo, physical, mental abilities incomplete; silly then serious; bc frontal lobe not fully developed
- vulnerable to risk taking
- sleep longer—9.5 hours
Adolescent concerns
- more clumsy
- girls likely to try to lose weight
- concerned if not physically dev at same rate as peers
- feel awkward showing affection to opposite sex parent
- ask more direct questions about sex—trying to figure out values around sex
Adults role in adolescent development
Give experiences with adrenaline in safe manner—roller coaster, zip line; avoid comparing to others; encourage enough sleep; model healthy eating and activity; provide honest answers about sex
Adolescent sleep
Circadian rhythm changes—need to sleep later and stay up later
Adolescent play
Peer activity—read, dance, music, puzzles, team sports
Adolescent safety
Cars, sub abuse, firearms, sex, depression and SI, recreational athletic activities
Erikson for adolescents
Identity vs role confusion
- separate from parents
- establish ID
- figure out life plan
- accept changed body image
- comes about thru experience
- establish value system
- establish autonomy
Establishing intimacy for adolescents
- intimacy and sex not the same
- establish same-sex friendships than romantic relationships
- develops close, open, honest, caring, trusting relationship
- learn to maintain relationships and increase intimacy
Predictors of sexual activities
Steady significant other, parents having permissive values about sex, being worried about one’s future occupational success, not having other ways to occupy your time
Adolescent achievement
- Need to determine areas they want to strive in
- identify strengths
How can adults help adolescents?
- encourage involvement in groups
- praise effort and abilities
- know friends
- set guidelines and consequences
- provide structure
Piaget for adolescents
Formal operations
- think abstractly
- develop strategies for improving their learning
- think about what they feel
- concepts of self—self-absorbed
- can think about faith, love, spirituality
- grapple with ethical concerns
Teens are…
- justice oriented
Kohlberg for adolescents
Younger adolescents—conventional level of moral reasoning
- absolute moral guidelines; rules
Older adolescents—principled moral reasoning
- concrete rules and guidelines questioned
- can challenge ethical thinking
