Health Promotion Flashcards
Infant discipline
Needed through redirection and boundaries, safety, no no, loud noise
Should infant get pacifier?
Personal decision; provide comfort for infants and infants need to suck when they don’t need to eat BUT gets dirty easily and difficult to wean them off, can cause dental probs and Dec amount of breastfeeding
What kind of shoes should infants wear?
None
Infant sleep activity/exercise and brain development
- by 3-4 months; 9-12h a night with 2 day time naps
- naturally active and curious; avoid excessive use of playpens, swings, etc
- let the child on the floor
- infant stimulation necessary for brain development
Promoting baby teeth development
- eruption of deciduous (primary) teeth
- age varies but order is predictable
- lower central incisors first followed by upper central incisors
- for first 2Y of life, age in months minus 6 = number of teeth
s/s of teething
Swollen gums, sore, fever, inc finger suck/bite, Dec appetite, sleep problems
Teething guidance for parents
Avoid alcohol on the gums, cold is soothing, anesthetics ointments used with caution bc can take away gag reflex, analgesics applied only as directed
Safety hazards for infants
Dishwashers, latex balooons, stoves, soft bedding (until 2Y), hand me down baby gear, grandma’s purse, bath seats and rings, bath oil/baby oil/powder (pneumonia-like condition), family dog, power windows
Prevention of unintentional injuries in infants
Never leave unattended on raised surface, crib safety, infant seats, equipment, windows, stairs, walkers, slide rails, items for climbing; keep small objects out of reach, powders, bottles, toys; co-sleeping; never leave car unattended, never hold infant in lap, keep door and windows locked, infant seat
Prevention of burns for infants and toddlers
No sunscreen before age 6, then 70-100 spf, fireplace, hot liquids, electricity, heaters, fires
Prevention of unintentional injuries—biological/chemical
Wash hands, drugs, toxins, cigarette smoke—leads to infection, asthma—car and house not good spots and wear smoking jacket to take off before entering house; top of fridge is not a good spot
Lead exposure—sources, s/s, why infants are vulnerable
- Sources—toys, lead glazed pottery, air, household dust, drinking water, old house
- s/s—efects the brain, CNS, blood and kidneys
- infants vulnerability—breathe in more air than adults, breath closer to ground, inc GI absorption, mouth breathing inc absorption
How to Dec lead exposure
Change clothes after working somewhere with lead, diet high in calcium, iron, vit C, boil water 20 min before giving to infant, treat with Chelating agents—combine with iron and excrete, keep play areas clean and dust free, don’t remove lead paint yourself, avoid burning compounds with lead
Sibling rivalry for toddlers
- avoid unrealistic expectations
- avoid or minimize extra stressors
- allow them to participate
- don’t compare against each other
- visitors
- don’t make big changes when the baby comes—do before
- reward older child when baby gets gifts
Temper tantrums
Don’t give in; can ignore behavior but make sure they are safe; have reasonable consequences for temper tantrums beyond the normal
Toddler discipline
- toddlers need clear guidelines and expectations
- types of discipline—distraction and divert, encourage cooperation, provide structure, set limits, positive reinforcement, spanking—not recommended
Alternatives to spanking
Be firm, but kind; pause, teach, be positive, give explanations, not threats, time out, offer incentives, be flexible, drop out of power struggle
Time out
- 3Y and older—1 minute for every year of age
- discuss behavior when time is up, if resumes behavior, child goes back to time out
- discipline must occur immediately at time of incident
- not in front of others—may impact self-esteem
Toilet training
- voluntary sphincter control
- can stay dry for 2h
- regular bowel Mvt
- gross motor skills to walk, sit, squat
- cognitive skills
- willingness to pls parents
- curiosity about adult toilet habits
- impatient with wet or soiled diapers
- parental readiness
Potty training
- prepare the child
- potty seats
- limit practice times
- frequent reminders
- teach good hygiene
- reinforce a sense of accomplishment
- consistency is vital
Toddler sleep and activity
- 12h/day including nap
- may try to sleep with parents
- routines
- transitional objects—help them feel attached when parents aren’t there (blanket, stuffed animal)
- encourage activity
Toddler dentist
- regular dental—up to debate when to start
- removal of plaque
- fluoride may be preventative
- low-cariogenic diet
Toddler motor vehicles
- need to be back-facing until age 2
- always need 5 point harness
- supervise tricycle riding—helmet and padding
- teach child to obey traffic rules; look both ways
Toddler drowning
- supervise closely
- understand rules around water
- bathroom doors closed and toilet lid down
- fence around pool locked; may use alarm
- begin swim lessons and water safety
Toddler poisoning
- caution against eating plants
- admin meds as drugs, not candy
- place potentially toxic agents in locked cabinet
- have poison control number readily available
- don’t let them play in trash
- don’t reuse containers
Choking
- avoid fruits with skins on them
- toys with small bits
- old appliances—can get trapped
- garage doors if don’t stop automatically
- strings and cords
Toddler bodily damag
- sharp pointy objects
- lollipops, popsicles
- tools and weapons
- animals
- identification—need to know name and parents name
- stranger danger
Preschooler sex ed
- find out what child knows and thinks
- be honest
Preschooler schoooling
- assess readiness
- want peer interaction
- prepare child for transition with separation period, visit place, visit teacher
Preschooler speech prob
- prevention and early detection here
- most critical period 2-4
- get in speech early
Preschooler things to know
- how to dial 911
- learn phone number address
School age experience
- parents involved
- socializing with other parents and friends
- need to care
- read with child
- ensure good sleep and eating
- participate in school activities
- meet with child’s teacher
Latchkey kids
- kids alone after school
- self care before or after school—how to make snack, schedule
- inc risk for injury, stress, and delinquent behavior
- need specific guidelines—no stove, who to call, can friends come over, good snacks
- community service
School agers expected behavior
- dishonesty—lying, cheating, stealing
- need simple consequences
- stealing small thing from store is normal but need to take back to store, talk about it
School age sexuality
- sense of sexuality develops now
- appearance and dress
- be honest
- promote positive sexuality
Peer pressure
- be aware
- tell kids how to react to it
- role playing
- who can you talk to about these?
- bullying may be common—ask about their days
- teach what to do when occurs
Bullying
- risk for long term psych and psychiatric sx
- bullying prevention programs
- ID at risk kids—more isolated
- nursing interventions
- helping kids deal—teach karate
Physical activity in school age
- continue to refine skills like hand-eye coordination, muscle strength, agility, speed
- best through team sports
- benefits—socialization, better self-esteem, weight control, inc physical activity
- start early
- 60 minutes of vigorous physical activity
School age oral health
- primary tooth shedding varies, most lose around age 6
- jaw elongates and tooth move
- healthy foods, low sugar
- supervise for oral care at first
- 2x/Y dental visit
School age sleep
- average 9.5h/night but ind
- ages 8-11 may resist
- night terrors may be present
- sleep assessment
- teach kids good sleep hygiene
School age injury prevention
- most common prob is car crashes
- boys more injures bc riskier
- chore injuries
- take risks to gain social acceptance
- start to resist safety equipment
School age auto safety
- under age 12, backseat only
- 20-40 lbs harness strap over the shoulder, no shield
- 40-80 lbs—belt positioning booster seat, belt hits on clavicle
- seat belts for kids at least 4ft9in tall and 80lbs
Adolescents move to autonomy
- view health different from adult
- seek autonomy so chance to educate and move forth
- reluctance to seek healthcare
Morbidity/mortality risk factors
Poverty, neighborhood violence, parental abuse or neglect, parental divorce, being held back, drugs or alcohol use, smoking cigs, probs with criminal justice sys
Factors that promote adolescent health
- being adaptable to new people and situations
- satisfactory early cognitive and academic development
- honor roll
- extracurricular activities
- summer job
- going to lib
- support from caring adult
- strong peer relationships
Adolescent injury prevention
- motor vehicle accidents are huge
- lack judgement and maturity
- alc plays big role
- homicide—highest in AfrAm youth
- drown, burn, poison, bodily damage
Adolescent STIs
- talk honesty to kids about this
- rates on the rise
- having multiple partners increases risk
- teach responsible practices
- ways to dec risk factors
- responsibility of pregnancy
Preventing drug use
- smoke early, more likely to smoke longer
- more likely to drop out of school
- over half of adolescents try an illegal substance
How to intervene for adolescents
- discuss effects—yellow teeth, bad breath, bad odor from smoking
- may get kicked off sports
- ask about prior experimentation
- make plan to quit
- may act like they don’t hear parents but they hear and care
Adolescent depression and suicide
- tremendous stress exists
- dep common “feeling down lately?”
- have you thought about hurting yourself
- if SI thoughts, don’t send home, get them in to see someone immediately
Suicide risk warning signs
Inc risk taking, alienation from family, giving away personal items, writing things with suicide content, giving away items, hearing voices, seeing things, dark thoughts
Suicide prevention
- effective coping
- early recog of depression and stress
- social probs
- general suicide edu
- peer support groups
- crisis centers and hotlines
- restriction of access to lethal means
- intervention after a suicide to prevent cluster suicide
Preventing abuse
- teach about date rape
- examine messages in videos, songs, movies, tv
- availability of weapons
- “has anyone ever hurt you?”
