Schizophrenia Studies Flashcards
Reliability of Schizophrenia diagnosis-Cheniaux-Method
Two psychologists had to independently diagnose 100 patients using both DSM and ICD criteria.
Reliability of Schizophrenia diagnosis-Cheniaux-Results
Inter-rater reliability was poor. One psychologist diagnosed 26 as schizophrenics according to DSM and 44 according to ICD. The other psychologist diagnosed 13 according to DSM and 24 according to ICD
Co-Morbidity-Buckley-Results
Around half of people diagnosed as schizophrenics also have a diagnosis of depression or substance abuse. PTSD occurred in 29% of cases and OCD in 23%
Gender Bias-Longenecker-Results
She concluded at since the 1980’s, men have been diagnosed with schizophrenia rather more than women
Genetic Risk of Schizophrenia-Gottesman-Results
Identical twins has a 48% risk of developing schizophrenia, the figure decreases as the genetic similarity decreases
Candidate Genes-Ripke-Method
A huge study was carried out combining all previous data from genome-wide studies of schizophrenia. The genetic make-up of 37000 patients was compared to that of 113000 controls
Candidate Genes-Ripke-Results
108 separate genetic variations was associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia. The majority of these were associated with coding of neurotransmitters, including dopamine
Neural Correlates of Negative Symptoms- Juckel-Method
He measured the level of activity in the ventral striatum in schizophrenics and compared that to the ventral striatum of a non schizophrenic control group
Neural Correlates of Negative Symptoms- Juckel-Results
He found lower levels of activity in the schizophrenic’s ventral striatum. He also observed a negative correlation between activity levels in the ventral striatum and the severity of the negative symptoms.
Neural Correlates of Positive Symptoms-Allen-Method
He scanned the brains of patients experiencing auditory hallucinations and compared them to a control group, whist they identified pre-recorded speech as their own or someone else’s
Neural Correlates of Positive Symptoms-Allen-Results
He found lower activation levels in the superior temporal gyrus and anterior cingulate gyrus in the hallucination group. They also made more errors that the control group
Supports Family Dysfunction-Read-Method
He reviewed 46 studies of child abuse and schizophrenia
Supports Family Dysfunction-Read-Results
He found that 69% of adult women in-patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia had an history of psychical abuse, sexual abuse or both in childhood. For men, the figure was 59%.
Supports Family Dysfunction-Berry-Results
Adults with insecure attachments to their primary carer are more likely to have schizophrenia
Dysfunctional Information Processing-Stirling-Method
He compared 30 patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia with 18 non-patient controls on a range of cognitive tasks including the stroop test.
Dysfunctional Information Processing-Stirling-Results
Patients took twice as long to name the colour of the word than the control patients
Effectiveness of Drug Therapy-Thornley-Method
He reviewed studies comparing the effects of Chloromazine to control conditions in which patients received a placebo, so they had the same experience except for the presence of Chloromazine
Effectiveness of Drug Therapy-Thornley-Results
Data from 13 trials with a total of 1121 participants showed that Chloromazine was associated with better overall functioning and reduced symptom severity. Data from three trials with a total of 512 participants showed that the relapse rate was lower when Chloromazine was present
Benefits of Atypical Antipsychotics-Meltzer-Results
He concluded that Clozapine us more effective than typical and other atypical antipsychotics. It is effective in 30%-50% of treatment resistant cases where typical antipsychotics has failed
Evidence for Effective of CBT-Jauhar-Method
He reviewed 34 studies of CBT for schizophrenia
Evidence for Effective of CBT-Jauhar-Results
CBT has a significant but small effect on both positive and negative symptoms
Evidence for Effective of CBT-Pharoah- Method
The evidence for the effectiveness of family therapy for families of schizophrenia sufferers was reviewed
Evidence for Effective of CBT-Pharoah-Results
They concluded that there is moderate evidence to show that family therapy reduces hospital readmission and it improves the quality of life for the patient and their family. However, the results were inconstant and weak
Token Economy-McMonagle and Sultana-Results
They found only three studies were random allocation was used, with only one of these showed an improvement in the patients symptoms. None had useful information about behaviour change
Evidence for the role of Vulnerability and Triggers-Tienari-Method
He investigated the combination of genetic vulnerability and parenting style. Children adopted from 19,000 Finnish mothers with schizophrenia between 1960 and 1979 were followed up. Their adoptive parents were assessed for parenting style, and the rates of schizophrenia was compared to those in a control group of adoptees with no genetic risk
Evidence for the role of Vulnerability and Triggers-Tienari-Results
A parenting style with high levels of criticism and conflict with low levels of empathy was implicated in the development of schizophrenia, but only for those who had the genetic vulnerability
The oversimplified diathesis stress model-Houston-Result
Childhood sexual trauma was a vulnerability factor, while cannabis use was the trigger
Supports the effectiveness of combination of treatment- Tarrier-Method
315 patients were randomly allocated to a medication +CBT group, medication + supportive counselling group or a control group
Supports the effectiveness of combination of treatment- Tarrier-Results
Patients in the two combination groups showed lower symptom levels than those in the medication only control group. However, there was no change in hospital readmission rate
