Biopsychology Studies Flashcards
Brain Scan Evidence of Localisation-Petersen-Method and Results
He used brain scans to demonstrate how Wernicke’s are was active during a listening task and how Broca’s area was active during a reading task
Brain Scan Evidence of Localisation-Tulving-Results
A study of long term memory revealed that semantic and episodic memory reside in different areas of the prefrontal cortex
Neurosurgical Evidence for Localisation-Dougherty-Method
He reported on 44 OCD patients who had undergone a cingulotomy-a neurosurgical procedure that involves lesioning the cingulate gyrus
Neurosurgical Evidence for Localisation-Dougherty-Results
At post-surgical follow up after 32 weeks, a third had met the criteria for successful response to the surgery and 14% for partial response
Research into Plasticity-Maguire-Method
She studied the brains of London Taxi Drivers
Research into Plasticity-Maguire-Results
The taxi group had significantly more grey matter in the posterior hippocampus than the matched control group
Research into Plasticity-Draganski-Method
The brains of medical students were imaged 3 months before and 3 months after their final exams
Research into Plasticity-Draganski-Results
Learning-Induced changes were seen to have occurred in the posterior hippocampus and in the parietal cortex as a result of the exam
Research into Plasticity-Mechelli-Results
People who are bilingual have a larger parietal cortex compared to those who are monolingual
Spilt Brain Research into Hemispheric Lateralisation-Sperry-Method
Sperry devised a general procedure in which an image or word could be projected to a patients right visual field. All the participants in this study has a spilt brain
Spilt Brain Research into Hemispheric Lateralisation-Sperry-Results-Describing
When a picture or object was shown to the participants right visual field, they could easily describe what it was. This didn’t occur if the image was shown in the left visual field
Spilt Brain Research into Hemispheric Lateralisation-Sperry-Results-Touch
Although participants could not verbally describe object in their left visual field, they were able to select a matching object from a bag of different objects
Spilt Brain Research into Hemispheric Lateralisation-Sperry-Results-Composite Words
If two words were presented simultaneous, one on either side of the visual field, the participant would write with their left hand the word on the left visual field, and say the word shown in the right visual field
Spilt Brain Research into Hemispheric Lateralisation-Sperry-Results-Matching Faces
When asked to match a face from a series of other faces, the picture in the left visual field was consistently selected. When a composite picture made of two different halves of a face was shown (one half to each visual field) the one in the right visual field was verbally described while the one in the left visual field was selected as the matching picture
Circadian Rhythms-Siffre-Method
He lived inside a cave, devoid of all natural light and sound
Circadian Rhythms-Siffre-Results
He resurfaced after two months in September, believing it to be mid-August. He biological clock became “free-running”
Circadian Rhythms-Aschoff and Wever-Method
Participants spent 4 weeks inside a WW2 bunker, devoid of all natural light
Circadian Rhythms-Aschoff and Wever-Results
All but one participants displaced a sleep wake cycle between 24 and 25 hours. The other participant’s cycle when to 29 hours
Circadian Rhythms-Folkard-Method
12 participants lived in a dark cave for 3 weeks, going to bed at 11:45pm and getting up at 7:45am. The researchers sped up the clock, as a 24 hours day was actually 22 hours
Circadian Rhythms-Folkard-Results
None of the participants adjusted to the new timings
Infradian Rhythms-Stern and McClintock-Method
29 women with a history of irregular periods were involved. Samples of pheromones were gathered from 9 of the women at different stages of their menstrual cycles, via a cotton pad placed in their armpit. The pads were then frozen, and rubbed against the upper lip of the other participants. On day 1, pads from the start of the women’s menstrual cycle were applied, and this continued throughout the experiment
Infradian Rhythms-Stern and McClintock-Results
They found out that 68% of women experienced changes to their cycle which brought them close to the cycle of their “odour donor”
Evidence to support Sleep Cycles-Dement and Kleitman-Method
They monitored the sleep patterns of 9 adult participants in a sleep lab. Brainwave activity was recorded on an EEG and the researchers controlled for the effects of caffeine and alcohol
Evidence to support Sleep Cycles-Dement and Kleitman-Results
REM activity was highly correlated with the experience of dreaming, brain activity varied according to how vivid dreams were, and participants woken during dreams reported very accurate recall of their dreams
Animals Studies and the SCN-DeCoursey-Method
The SCN connections were destroyed in the brains of 30 chipmunks who were then returned to their natural habitat and observed for 80 days
Animals Studies and the SCN-DeCoursey-Results
The sleep/wake cycle of the chipmunks disappeared and by the end of the story a significant proportion of them has been killed by predators
Animals Studies and the SCN-Ralph-Method
He breed “mutant hamsters” with a 20 hors sleep/wake cycle
Animals Studies and the SCN-Ralph-Results
When the SCN cells from the mutant hamsters were transplanted into the brains of normal hamsters, their sleep/wake cycle went to 20 hours
Overstating the influence of Exogenous Zeitgebers-Miles-Method
He recounted the story of a young man, blind from birth, with a circadian rhythm of 24.9 hours
Overstating the influence of Exogenous Zeitgebers-Miles-Results
Despite exposure to social cues, his sleep/wake cycle could not be adjusted, and consequently he had to take sedatives at night and stimulants in the morning to keep pace with the 24 hour world
Spilt Brain Research into Hemispheric Lateralisation-Sperry-Evaluation
+Demonstrates Lateralised Brain Functions-helps us understand brain processes and function
+Strong Methodology-Very standardised and controlled-Increases validity
+Theoretic Basis-Has created debates about the degrees of function between the two hemisphere
-Cannot Generalise-Very small and specific sample
Effect of Light on the Sleep/Wake Cycle-Campbell and Murphy-Method
15 participants were awoken at various time and a light pad was shone on the back of their knees.
Effect of Light on the Sleep/Wake Cycle-Campbell and Murphy-Results
They found out that the participants sleep/wake cycle was deviated from their normal cycle, some by up to 3 hours.
