Schizophrenia Overview

Question 1

What are some examples of positive symptoms?

Answer 1

delusions
hallucinations
disorganized speech (word salads and neologisms)
disorganized behavior’s

Question 2

What are some examples of negative symptoms?

Answer 2

poverty of speech (alogia)
avolition (loss of motivation)
affective flattening

Question 3

what are the two main diagnostic manuals used?

Answer 3

DSM-V (American)
ICD-11 (WHO)

Question 4

What is the criteria for the two diagnostic manuals?

Answer 4

DSM-V : at least 1 positive symptom
ICD-11 : no positive requires, 2 or 3 negative is sufficient

Question 5

What did Kendell et al 1971 find?

Answer 5

250 patients considered by USA and UK
163 diagnosed using DSM
85 Diagnosed using ICD

Question 6

What did copeland 1971 find?

Answer 6

134 US psychiatrists
194 UK given a patient description
66% US diagnosed SZ
2% UK diagnosed SZ

Question 7

What level of interrater reliability does DSM-V have?

Answer 7

Whaley (2001) found 0.11

Question 8

What are the 6 sub-issures of validity in SZ?

Answer 8

symptom overlap
Co-morbidity
lack of homogeneity
Cultural bias
gender bias
labelling

Question 9

What other disorders have symptom overlap with SZ?

Answer 9

bi-polar, such as psychotic thinking, hostility, impulsivity, and suciidal thoughts

Question 10

What other disorders are commonly co-morbid?

Answer 10

PTSD, depression, substance abuse, OCD

Question 11

What evidence of co-morbidity is there?

Answer 11

Buckley et al. (2009) found
50% diagnosed with depression
47% Substance abuse
29% PTSD
23% OCD

Question 12

What did Swets et al (2014) find?

Answer 12

12% fullfilled crtieria for OCD and 25% displayed significant OCD symptoms

Question 13

What are the implications of symptom overlap and co-morbidity on treatments?

Answer 13

SO - may be incorrectly diagnosed
CO - choosing a disorder to treat and abandon the other

Question 14

What are the implications of symptom overlap and co-morbidity on the atieology of schizophrenia?

Answer 14

SO - hard to understand risks if the wrong disorder is diagnosed
CO - hard to predict the outcome and characteristics that are a result of SZ

Question 15

How does lack of homogeneity lack validity?

Answer 15

2 people with different characteristic have the same diagnosis
SZ diagnosis appears to broad

Question 16

Is the test for SZ objective?

Answer 16

no, not valid as there is no accurate measure

Question 17

What did Fearon et al. 2005 find?

Answer 17

Uk’s black-caribbeans residents are 9 fold higher risk of schizophrenia
- genetic disposition
- clinician bias (more likely to diagnose)

Question 18

What is ethnocentrism in relation to SZ?

Answer 18

cohen et al (2004) blacks had highers paranoia rates (21-9%)
- due to colonialism (Bibb + Casimir 1996)
- cultural mistrust (whaley 1998)

Question 19

What are cultural differences in diagnosis?

Answer 19

• ‘hearing voices’ is good in African and Indian communities (Luhrmann et al 2015)
• low validity

Question 20

What research supports the gender bias in diagnosis?

Answer 20

Loring and Powell (1988)
- 290 male and female psychiatrists
- descriptor as male - 56% diagnosis
- descriptor as female - 20% diagnosis

Question 21

How does Cotton (2009) explain the bias towards men in diagnosis?

Answer 21

suggest women have higher interpersonal functioning (masked symptoms)

Question 22

What impact does labelling have on a person?

Answer 22

• The Department for Work and Pensions (2001) found 63% employers would not recruit someone with mental health problems
• Positive - helps in treatement and can medicalise it and reduce stigma