Memory Flashcards
What are the 3 types of encoding?
visual
acoustic
semantic
What are the 2 types of retrieval?
Recognition
Recall (free, cued and serial)
Go look at the MSM
now
Who created the Multi-Store Model?
Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968)
How is the sensory register’s encoding, capacity and duration?
Encoding: held as raw data
Capacity: limitless
Duration: Approx 0.5 seconds
How is the STM’s encoding, capacity and duration?
Encoding: mainly acoustic
Capacity: 7 +/- 2 chunks
Duration: 15-20 seconds
How is the LTM’s encoding, capacity and duration?
Encoding: Mainly semantic
Capacity: potentially unlimited
Duration: up to a lifetime
What evidence is there for the capacity of the STM?
Jacobs (1987) tested using serial recall the Ps ability to recall a line of numbers with increasing digit span. Average span was 9.3 for numbers and 7.3 for letters.
What evidence is there for the duration of the STM?
Peterson & Peterson (1959) used a distraction task to prevent rehearsal from happening, using trigrams and a distraction task. This found that the shorter the time for recall, the more accurate the recall.
What evidence is there for encoding in the STM?
Baddley (1966) used words that were either acoustically/semantically similar/dissimilar. After a 30s interval, Ps were asked to recall, recall being better on semantic words than acoustic words.
What are some of the problems with the tests on STM?
𝐝𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐬 - people may deliberately only focus on the information given so to please the experimenter
𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐲 - Tasks of reading letters and numbers is not the same as real life, has no meaning to the person
What evidence is there for the duration of the LTM?
Bharick(1975)
400 ex-pupils asked to recall names and recognize former colleagues from photos
photo - 15 years 90%, 48 years 70%
names - 15 years 60%, 48 years 30%
What evaluation points were there with the ex-pupil experiment?
some were friends or in contact still but is applied to real life
go look at amnesic patient cases
Who created the serial position curve
glazner and cunitz, people remembered first and last words ebtter
pages 14 and 15
i have no brain
What is the episodic memory?
specific point in time/personal events
What is semantic memory?
knowledge of the world but not knowing where it came from, e.g paris capital
What is procedural memory?
motor skills
Who first critisized the MSM?
Tulving 1985
What clinical cases support the different LTMs
HM and Clive wearing
Who created the Working Memory Model in 1974?
Baddeley and Hitch
What are the 4 components of the WMM?
Central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer
what are the 2 subsections of the phonological loop
phonological store (words you hear) and articulatory control process (inner voice)
dual task perforamce
providing different parts of the stm to work with, phonoligcal ‘the) or central exexcutive and phonoligcla loop digits
page 26
evaluate the wmm
Why is neuroimaging useful?
shows different areas of the brain active during activities
What is proactive interference
old memories interferining with new memories
What is retroactive interference
new memories interfering with old ones
what does the stroop test show about proactive and retroactive memories
proactive interference as old memory (reading) interferes with new memory (words)
page 30
what is context dependant forgetting
cues from environment
what is state dependent forgetting
cues relating to emotional state
what is a meaningful link
often words relating to a link that means something
What is a leading quesiton
a quesiton that has a certain direction for an answer
what was loftus and palmer car experiment 1974
used words in leading quesitons on a car crahs such as bump hit and smash and asked what speed, the worse the word thie hgiher the speed same with smashed glass
pages 42 and 43
how does a post event discussiong affect EWT
people can chose to conform or can confuse thier source
how does anciety affect ewt
more anxiety = less accurate recall , johnson and scott 1976 weapon focus effect
what is the yerkes-dodson effect
deffenbacher 1983 suggested that anxiety increased ewt until a point
page 48
What parts are there to a cognitive interview?
report everything
cognitive reinstatement
change perspective
change order
