Memory

Question 1

What are the 3 types of encoding?

Answer 1

visual
acoustic
semantic

Question 2

What are the 2 types of retrieval?

Answer 2

Recognition
Recall (free, cued and serial)

Question 3

Go look at the MSM

Answer 3

now

Question 4

Who created the Multi-Store Model?

Answer 4

Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968)

Question 5

How is the sensory register’s encoding, capacity and duration?

Answer 5

Encoding: held as raw data
Capacity: limitless
Duration: Approx 0.5 seconds

Question 6

How is the STM’s encoding, capacity and duration?

Answer 6

Encoding: mainly acoustic
Capacity: 7 +/- 2 chunks
Duration: 15-20 seconds

Question 7

How is the LTM’s encoding, capacity and duration?

Answer 7

Encoding: Mainly semantic
Capacity: potentially unlimited
Duration: up to a lifetime

Question 8

What evidence is there for the capacity of the STM?

Answer 8

Jacobs (1987) tested using serial recall the Ps ability to recall a line of numbers with increasing digit span. Average span was 9.3 for numbers and 7.3 for letters.

Question 9

What evidence is there for the duration of the STM?

Answer 9

Peterson & Peterson (1959) used a distraction task to prevent rehearsal from happening, using trigrams and a distraction task. This found that the shorter the time for recall, the more accurate the recall.

Question 10

What evidence is there for encoding in the STM?

Answer 10

Baddley (1966) used words that were either acoustically/semantically similar/dissimilar. After a 30s interval, Ps were asked to recall, recall being better on semantic words than acoustic words.

Question 11

What are some of the problems with the tests on STM?

Answer 11

𝐝𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐬 - people may deliberately only focus on the information given so to please the experimenter
𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐲 - Tasks of reading letters and numbers is not the same as real life, has no meaning to the person

Question 12

What evidence is there for the duration of the LTM?

Answer 12

Bharick(1975)
400 ex-pupils asked to recall names and recognize former colleagues from photos
photo - 15 years 90%, 48 years 70%
names - 15 years 60%, 48 years 30%

Question 13

What evaluation points were there with the ex-pupil experiment?

Answer 13

some were friends or in contact still but is applied to real life

Question 14

go look at amnesic patient cases

Question 15

Who created the serial position curve

Answer 15

glazner and cunitz, people remembered first and last words ebtter

Question 16

pages 14 and 15

Answer 16

i have no brain

Question 17

What is the episodic memory?

Answer 17

specific point in time/personal events

Question 18

What is semantic memory?

Answer 18

knowledge of the world but not knowing where it came from, e.g paris capital

Question 19

What is procedural memory?

Answer 19

motor skills

Question 20

Who first critisized the MSM?

Answer 20

Tulving 1985

Question 21

What clinical cases support the different LTMs

Answer 21

HM and Clive wearing

Question 22

Who created the Working Memory Model in 1974?

Answer 22

Baddeley and Hitch

Question 23

What are the 4 components of the WMM?

Answer 23

Central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer

Question 24

what are the 2 subsections of the phonological loop

Answer 24

phonological store (words you hear) and articulatory control process (inner voice)

Question 25

dual task perforamce

Answer 25

providing different parts of the stm to work with, phonoligcal ‘the) or central exexcutive and phonoligcla loop digits

Question 26

page 26

Answer 26

evaluate the wmm

Question 27

Why is neuroimaging useful?

Answer 27

shows different areas of the brain active during activities

Question 28

What is proactive interference

Answer 28

old memories interferining with new memories

Question 29

What is retroactive interference

Answer 29

new memories interfering with old ones

Question 30

what does the stroop test show about proactive and retroactive memories

Answer 30

proactive interference as old memory (reading) interferes with new memory (words)

Question 31

page 30

Question 32

what is context dependant forgetting

Answer 32

cues from environment

Question 33

what is state dependent forgetting

Answer 33

cues relating to emotional state

Question 34

what is a meaningful link

Answer 34

often words relating to a link that means something

Question 35

What is a leading quesiton

Answer 35

a quesiton that has a certain direction for an answer

Question 36

what was loftus and palmer car experiment 1974

Answer 36

used words in leading quesitons on a car crahs such as bump hit and smash and asked what speed, the worse the word thie hgiher the speed same with smashed glass

Question 37

pages 42 and 43

Question 38

how does a post event discussiong affect EWT

Answer 38

people can chose to conform or can confuse thier source

Question 39

how does anciety affect ewt

Answer 39

more anxiety = less accurate recall , johnson and scott 1976 weapon focus effect

Question 40

what is the yerkes-dodson effect

Answer 40

deffenbacher 1983 suggested that anxiety increased ewt until a point

Question 41

page 48

Question 42

What parts are there to a cognitive interview?

Answer 42

report everything
cognitive reinstatement
change perspective
change order