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Attachment Flashcards

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1
Q

What 4 behaviours are commonly used to identify attachment?

A

Separation anxiety
Stranger anxiety
Reunion behaviour
Willingness to explore

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2
Q

What is meant by the term reciprocity?

A

A two-way process by which each party responds to the others actions

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3
Q

What is meant by the term interactional synchrony?

A

The way in which two people imitate or mirror what the other is doing

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4
Q

Who investigated interactional synchrony?

A

Meltzoff and Moore (1983) had an adult display facial gestures which often resulted in imitation.
Conclusion: higher levels of interactional synchrony means better quality attachment

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5
Q

What is a problem with Meltzoff and Moore’s experiment (1983) ?

A

The baby may just be doing pseudo imitation, a form of ‘response training’ by getting a reward, or a good reaction from the mother as a result of doing a certain action, its more unconscious imitation.

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6
Q

What did Isabella and Belsky (1991) suggest about interactions?

A

The differing interactional behaviours helped to predict attachment quality (secure and insecure attachment interactions)

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7
Q

What evidence is there to support reciprocity?

A

Murray and Trevarthen (1985) found that infants shown a smiling woman were also happy, but when shown a sad/straight face the baby began to cry.

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8
Q

What was done to overcome the problem of children being active compared to imitation?

A

M+M has an external judge look at the baby’s behaviour without knowing what was being imitated
Children also sleep 12-16 hours, this can’t be helped, often creates small samples

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9
Q

Who failed to replicated experiments on reciprocity and interactional synchrony?

A

Oostenbroek et al (2016) and Koepke et all (1983) both showed that the baby did not really have any response to the facial gestures of the researchers

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10
Q

What was the Schaffer and Emerson (1964) experiment?

A

60 infants from majority working class families observed every 4 weeks over 18 months
They were measured on separation protest and stranger anxiety

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11
Q

What is stage 1 of attachment?

A

Indiscriminate Attachment : 0-8 weeks
Comfort from any adult or any object
Smiles at everyone
Happier in presence of humans

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12
Q

What is stage 2 of attachment?

A

Beginnings of attachment : 2-7 months
Recognise and smile more at familiar people
Preference for people rather than objects

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13
Q

What is stage 3 of attachment?

A

Discriminate attachments : 7-12 months
Primary attachment to one person
Show separation and stranger anxiety
Uses familiar adults as a secure base

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14
Q

What is stage 4 attachment?

A

Multiple attachments : 1 year +
Form secondary attachment with familiar adults which they spend time with

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15
Q

What are the strengths of the schaffer and emmerson findings?

A
  • identifies clear stages of attachment
  • bowlby and ainsworth research supports this idea
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16
Q

What are the weaknesses of the schaffer and emmerson findings?

A
  • timings of stages not clear
  • studies of orphans contradict this
  • difference in quality of attachment
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17
Q

What are the strengths of the schaffer and emmerson methodology?

A
  • longitudinal study
  • naturalistic setting
  • large sample size
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18
Q

What are the weaknesses of the schaffer and emmerson methodology?

A
  • longitudinal have drop outs
  • lots of extraneous variables (baby may become familiar with researcher)
  • sample may not be representative
  • behaviour from mother may not be recalled correctly
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19
Q

What is the traditional role of the father?

A
  • not likely to be primary C-G
  • women often have hormones associated with care for a child that men don’t have
  • time is not correlated to attachment tho
  • men sometimes less sensitive to infant cues
    ^ but men and women had the same psychological response to a video of an infant
  • fathers generally more playful and mentally challenging (problem solving positivity)
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20
Q

What is the traditional role of the father?

A
  • not likely to be primary C-G
  • women often have hormones associated with care for a child that men don’t have
  • time is not correlated to attachment tho
  • men sometimes less sensitive to infant cues
    ^ but men and women had the same psychological response to a video of an infant
  • fathers generally more playful and mentally challenging (problem solving positivity)
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21
Q

smthg about mothers and fathers working after giving birth and who cares for the child

A

page 13

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22
Q

What 2 parts are there to the learning theory as an explanation for attachment?

A

Classical conditioning - mum is conditioned stimulus with a conditioned response for food

Operant conditioning - food is primary reinforcer and mum is secondary

known as the cupboard love theories

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23
Q

What evidence contradicts the cupboard love theory?

A

In Schaffers and emmerson, 39% of people who fed, changed and bathed was not the primary caregiver

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24
Q

What was Lorenz (1952) animal study?

A

He looked at geese and their attachment. They imprinted within a few hours.
Would not recognize biological mother.
Affected later mating preferences

25
Q

What was Harlow (1958) animals study?

A

One wire mother that fed monkey and another cloth.
Monkey preferred cloth mother ‘contact comfort’ (17-18 hours but 1 hour with wire)
All monkeys didn’t have normal social behaviour (more aggressive and less sociable)

26
Q

What 6 things were included in Bowlby’s theory of attachment?

A

Social releasers
Monotropy
Innate predisposition
critical period
internal working model
adaptive

page 19

27
Q

page 21

A

si

28
Q

What was the ainsworth experiment (1970)

A

100 child mother pairs
3 minute episodes with 15 second record times
cargiver sits and watches child play - wte
stranger enters
caregiver leaves and returns
leaves again and stranger interacts
returns

29
Q

What are the 3 types of attachment?

A

Insecure- avoidant (Type A) 22%
Secure attachment (Type B) 66%
Insecure-resistant (Type C) 12%

30
Q

page 24

A
31
Q

What was the 4th attachment style and who proposed it?

A

Main and Soloman (1986)
Insecure Disorganized (Type D)

32
Q

What does GRAVE stand for in evaluation?

A

Generalisability
Reliability
Applicability
Validity (internal)
Ethical issues

33
Q

G evaluation of ainsworth research :

A

Lacks ecological validity - artificial environment (Smith and Noble 1987 found it linked to life tho)
Lacks population validity - mostly white Americans (ethnocentric)

34
Q

R evaluation of ainsworth research?

A

Interobserver reliability - he found there was almost perfect agreement in rating the child’s behaviour

35
Q

A evaluation of ainsworth research

A

Caregivers taught to understand thier infants cues reducing disorganised caregivers from 60 to 15% and increase in securely attached from 32 to 40%

36
Q

V evaluation of ainsworth research?

A

demand characteristics - display socially acceptable behaviours

37
Q

E evaluation of ainsworth research?

A

protection from harm and informed consent

38
Q

Who conducted the cross cultural variations of the Ainsworth experiment?

A

Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988)

39
Q

What were in the cross cultural variations?

A

32 different studies
1990 pairs of mother-child attachments

40
Q

What were the findings of the cross cultural variations?

A

Japan 5% 68% 27%
UK 22% 75% 3%

41
Q

What was the Takahashi (1990) experiment?

A

60 middle class Japanese infants
0% (A) 68% (B) 32% (C)
but they had to remove the separation stage due to extreme distress

42
Q

Evaluation of the cross cultural variations

A
  • designed accoring to american standards of a secure attachments
  • japnese collectivist culture
  • lacks population validity
  • categorised differently by researchers?
    -mover half are US studies
  • some experiments had small sample sizes
43
Q

What are the 3 main strands to Bowlby’s thoery of maternal deprivation?

A
  • The value of maternal care
  • Critical period (2 1/2)
  • Long-term consequence
44
Q

What are the 4 main long-term consequences of maternal daprivation?

A

emotional maladjustment
mental health problems
intellectual development
later social relationship ( interal working model)

45
Q

What was Bowlby’s 44 thieves study?

A

1944
14-44 thieves were affectionless psychopaths
12/14 Ap’s had experiences motherly deprivation for at least a week before the age of 5 years old
5/30 of the toher thieves this was only true for

46
Q

What were the methodological critisisms of Bowlby’s 44 thieves?

A

Retrospective only - data collected from mother in memory form
Experimenter bias - Bowlby conducted it himself, he knew wether they we thieves or not

47
Q

What study supported Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation?

A

Goldfarb (1947)
30 teenagers, half adopted before 12 months, some after 3 1/2 years
Longer in the institution = less well on tests of intelligence, independence, self-control and language and were likely to be hyperactive, aggressive, deceitful and emotionally insecure.

48
Q

What study contradicted Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation?

A

Lewis (1954)
Large sample of 500
No link to prolonged separation and criminality (criminality caused by other factors such as poverty)

49
Q

What is privation in the context of maternal privation?

A

A child fails to form an attachment in the first place
Results in long term emotional development problems

50
Q

What is deprivation in the context of maternal deprivation?

A

A child’s attachment is broken or lost
Less likely to result in long term emotional developmental problems

51
Q

page 43 has further evaluation of bowlby if you want

A

:)

52
Q

What is the Rutter study?

A

Began in 1998
Studied 165 Romanian Orphans

53
Q

What 3 groups did Rutter study?

A

Adopted before the age of 6 months
Adopted between 6 months and 2 years
Adopted after the age of two (late adoptees).

54
Q

What were Rutter’s findings in intellectual development?

A

Adopted earlier : Mean IQ of 102
Adopted later : Mean IQ 86 for 6m-2y and 77 for 2y+

55
Q

What were Rutter’s findings in emotional development?

A

Adopted earlier : by age 6 they were making good recoveries
Adopted later : often developed disinhibited attachment (friendly to everyone) with other behavioral disorders

56
Q

What are some strengths to Rutter’s study?

A
  • longitudinal
  • range of measures (reliable)
  • natural experiment (no ethical issues)
57
Q

What are some weaknesses to Rutter’s study?

A
  • children have prior history (lacks internal validity)
  • high drop out rates
  • pressure on families to take part in research (ethical issues)
58
Q

What did Hazer and Shaver (1987) study?

A

‘love quiz’
similar to childhood

59
Q

Why can’t you use childhood to assume later relationships?

A
  • retrospective only
  • correlation =/ causality

Psychology (30 decks)

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