Approaches - Learning (behaviourist)

Question 1

What is the definition of classical conditioning?

Answer 1

learning by association

Question 2

What is the definition of operant conditioning?

Answer 2

learning through consequences

Question 3

Who studied classical conditioning?

Answer 3

Pavlov by using dogs

Question 4

What is the unconditioned stimulus in Pavlov’s experiment?

Answer 4

Food

Question 5

What is the unconditioned response in Pavlov’s experiment?

Answer 5

Salivation

Question 6

What is the neutral stimulus in Pavlov’s experiment?

Answer 6

tuning fork/bell

Question 7

What is the conditioned stimulus in Pavlov’s experiment?

Answer 7

Tuning fork/bell

Question 8

What is the conditioned response in Pavlov’s experiment?

Answer 8

Salivation

Question 9

What does it mean by extinction of a conditioned stimulus?

Answer 9

Conditioned can revert back to being a neutral stimulus which can take a long time

Question 10

What evidence is there to support classical conditioning in humans?

Answer 10

Little albert (metal and hammer when shown the white rat)

Question 11

What are the 3 types of reinforcement that Skinner researched?

Answer 11

Positive - reward for pushing lever
Negative - rewarded by stopping the shocks when pushes lever
Punishment - unpleasant consequence

Question 12

Who researched into operant conditioning?

Answer 12

Skinner

Question 13

What was Skinner’s rat experiment?

Answer 13

Hungry rat placed in a box with a lever
Positive reinforcement - given food when pushes lever
Negative - electric shocks stopped when pushes lever

Question 14

What was skinner’s pigeon experiment?

Answer 14

Pigeon in a box with words
food when action performed

Question 15

What are some strengths to the behaviourist approach?

Answer 15

experimental methodology highly controlled
used in institutions/military (applications)
used to explain phobias

Question 16

What are some limitations to the behaviourist approach?

Answer 16

ethical issues
ignores emotional and cognitive factors
deterministic - environment determines behaviour

Question 17

What is the definition of imitation?

Answer 17

copying the behaviour of others

Question 18

What is the definition of identification?

Answer 18

when the observer associates themselves with the role model

Question 19

What is the definition of vicarious reinforcement?

Answer 19

reinforcement is not directly experienced but occurs through watching.

Question 20

Who created the Social Learning Theory?

Answer 20

Bandura

Question 21

What are the 4 mediational processes in learning?

Answer 21

Attention
Retention
Motor
Motivation

Question 22

What was the Bandura et al (1961) experiment?

Answer 22

Children watched adults perform acts of violence towards a Bobo doll with words such as ‘pow’
Children with calm models did not attack
1/3 of children with aggressive role models attacked

Question 23

What limitations are there to Bandura et al. research?

Answer 23

some children had low self control
children specifically shown same-sex models
bobo doll isn’t human - no emotional aggression
boys more likely to adopt violence

Question 24

What strengths are there to the social learning theory?

Answer 24

can explain differences between cultures
can explain why criminals are the way they are

Question 25

What weaknesses are there to the social theory?

Answer 25

biological factors of sex are ignored - boys can be more aggressive than girls due to hormones
may not be a response to the model, seeks peers with similar attitudes