Approaches - Learning (behaviourist) Flashcards
What is the definition of classical conditioning?
learning by association
What is the definition of operant conditioning?
learning through consequences
Who studied classical conditioning?
Pavlov by using dogs
What is the unconditioned stimulus in Pavlov’s experiment?
Food
What is the unconditioned response in Pavlov’s experiment?
Salivation
What is the neutral stimulus in Pavlov’s experiment?
tuning fork/bell
What is the conditioned stimulus in Pavlov’s experiment?
Tuning fork/bell
What is the conditioned response in Pavlov’s experiment?
Salivation
What does it mean by extinction of a conditioned stimulus?
Conditioned can revert back to being a neutral stimulus which can take a long time
What evidence is there to support classical conditioning in humans?
Little albert (metal and hammer when shown the white rat)
What are the 3 types of reinforcement that Skinner researched?
Positive - reward for pushing lever
Negative - rewarded by stopping the shocks when pushes lever
Punishment - unpleasant consequence
Who researched into operant conditioning?
Skinner
What was Skinner’s rat experiment?
Hungry rat placed in a box with a lever
Positive reinforcement - given food when pushes lever
Negative - electric shocks stopped when pushes lever
What was skinner’s pigeon experiment?
Pigeon in a box with words
food when action performed
What are some strengths to the behaviourist approach?
experimental methodology highly controlled
used in institutions/military (applications)
used to explain phobias
What are some limitations to the behaviourist approach?
ethical issues
ignores emotional and cognitive factors
deterministic - environment determines behaviour
What is the definition of imitation?
copying the behaviour of others
What is the definition of identification?
when the observer associates themselves with the role model
What is the definition of vicarious reinforcement?
reinforcement is not directly experienced but occurs through watching.
Who created the Social Learning Theory?
Bandura
What are the 4 mediational processes in learning?
Attention
Retention
Motor
Motivation
What was the Bandura et al (1961) experiment?
Children watched adults perform acts of violence towards a Bobo doll with words such as ‘pow’
Children with calm models did not attack
1/3 of children with aggressive role models attacked
What limitations are there to Bandura et al. research?
some children had low self control
children specifically shown same-sex models
bobo doll isn’t human - no emotional aggression
boys more likely to adopt violence
What strengths are there to the social learning theory?
can explain differences between cultures
can explain why criminals are the way they are
What weaknesses are there to the social theory?
biological factors of sex are ignored - boys can be more aggressive than girls due to hormones
may not be a response to the model, seeks peers with similar attitudes
