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Personality and mental health > Schizophrenia > Flashcards

Schizophrenia Flashcards

1
Q

what does schizophrenia typically involve

A

severely distorted beliefs or perceptions and thoughts

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2
Q

what does schizophrenia diagnosis require

A

two or more characteristic symptoms - at least one being positive
reduction in functioning

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3
Q

what are positive symptoms

A

additional processes to normal functioning
delusions
hallucinations
disorganised behaviour

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4
Q

persecutory delusions

A

being followed or watch usually by agents of authority

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5
Q

grandiose delusions

A

beliefs about being famous or special person

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6
Q

delusions of reference

A

others are talking about them

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7
Q

somatic delusions

A

believing you have a physical defect or abnormality

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8
Q

define hallucinations

A

Sensory experience that others do not perceive e.g. hearing voices or sounds

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9
Q

what does disorganised speech refer to

A

lack of associations between ideas and events

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10
Q

what may disorganised behaviour involve

A

unusual behaviour such as child like silliness or inappropriate sexual behaviour

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11
Q

what is catatonic stupor

A

absence of motor behaviours, often rigid

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12
Q

what are negative symptoms

A

Deficits in behavioural or emotional functioning

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12
Q

what is catatonic excitement

A

agitated, fidgety or rapid movements

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13
Q

what is flat effect

A

lack of emotional expression, monotone

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14
Q

what is alogia

A

reduced speech

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15
Q

what is avolition

A

lack of motivation

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16
Q

what is the typical prevalence of sz across cultures

A

1% of population

17
Q

when does onset usually occur

A

young adulthood 20+

18
Q

how might social factors play a role

A

higher prevalence in those who live alone, high in black ethnic groups

19
Q

evidence for genetic risk for sz

A

50% risk for identical twins when one has schizophrenia

20
Q

why may genes play a factor in risk to sz

A

chromosomes associated with genes that aid brain development

21
Q

what risk does paternal age pose

A

often caused by mutation of sperm, sperm more likely to mutate as age increases

22
Q

what biological factors have been show to associate with sz

A

50% show abnormal brain structure
enlarged ventricles
loss of grey matter and volume

23
Q

what is the default network and its relation to sz

A

part of the brain active during wakeful rest
schizophrenics tend to be unable to switch to executive function from this

24
Q

what neurotransmitter is associated with psychotic symptoms

A

dopamine neuron activity

25
Q

what is dopamine responsible for

A

reward and punishment and motor movements

26
Q

where is dopamine produced

A

brainstem - but projections affect cortex activation

27
Q

what does the dopamine hypothesis suggest causes positive symptoms

A

overactivity in the midbrain regions

28
Q

what does the dopamine hypothesis suggest causes negative symptoms

A

underactivity of dopamine in cortical regions

29
Q

what is chlorpromazine

A

Reduces dopamine activity in the brain - reduces aggression, hallucinations and delusions (positive symptoms)

30
Q

which antipsychotic is known as typical

A

Chlorpromazine

31
Q

what do atypical drugs do

A

More effective in treating negative symptoms
Targets dopamine imbalance rather than overactivity

32
Q

side effects associated with both antipsychotics

A

weight gain and cardiac problems

33
Q

side effects associated with typical drugs

A

involuntary movement disorders

34
Q

issue using antipsychotics

A

do not cure
often leads to patterns of hospitalisation

35
Q

why do schizophrenics often use nicotine

A

mimics acetylcholine
improves negative symptoms

36
Q

evidence for environmental origins

A

Direct brain damage or injury during early development
Prenatal complications - stress, starvation, winter birth effect

36
Q

what is the aim of family interventions

A

Modify inaccurate beliefs about schizophrenia
Enhance positive communication
Involve everyone in relapse prevention plan

37
Q

how is CBT used

A

Importance of individuals interpretation of psychotic events
Normalise and reduce impact of symptoms

38
Q

how may early intervention be implemented

A

Seek out high risk individuals Develop cognitive skills to increase executive control

39
Q

what does the biopsychosocial model suggest

A

genetics, personality and environment all have an impact on mental health
one factor alone does not provide sufficient explanations

40
Q

applying the biopsychosocial model to sz

A

Recognising relationships are central to treatment
Provide multidimensional treatment
Ensure patient’s history and life circumstances are understood

Personality and mental health (18 decks)

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