Psychoanalytic and humanistic approaches Flashcards
Name 4 psychoanalysts
Sigmund Freud
Alfred Adler
Carl Jung
Karen Horney
what was Freud influenced by
Conservation of energy (physics)
Hypnosis as a treatment for hysteria
what did Freud conclude from his research
examining brain anatomy could not explain mental disorders
What is the conscious
Thoughts that we’re aware of at any given moment
what is the preconscious
Thoughts that we can become easily aware of e.g., date of birth
what is the unconscious
Content that we’re unaware of or can only become aware of in certain situations
what is the id
Seeks release of unconscious and primal needs and desires (food, sex, etc.)
not concerned with social or moral rules
what is the pleasure principle
the id - immediate gratification
what is the superego
- Controls moral/rule-bound behaviour, including ideals and ethics
The ego
Balances id’s urges with superego’s constraints
logical and rational
what is the reality principle
ego - long term gratification
what is psychosexual development
- Occurs in stages
At each stages sexual energy is focused on different targets
If stuck at one stage, conflicts can occur and leave an imprint on adult personality
Oral stage
Focus on oral pleasure (e.g. feeding, thumb sucking)
0-2 years
anal stage
Tension between pleasure (release) from toileting and social pressure to delay
2-3 years
Phallic stage
Focus on genitals; realisation of physical male/female differences leads to psychological gender differentiation
Oedipus/Electra complexes
4-5 years
latency stage
child represses sexuality and channels energy into social and intellectual pursuits
6 years until puberty
genital stage
Sexual and aggressive drives return
Seeks pleasure through sexual contact with others
what is fixation
Too much/too little gratification can cause fixation at that stage, and adults may regress to this stage under conditions of stress
oral fixation behaviour
Eating, drinking, smoking to excess
oral fixation personality
Demanding, impatient, envious,
anal fixation behaviour
Rigid organisation (anal retentive) vs
carelessness (anal expulsive)
anal fixation personality
rigid and perfectionistic
messy & disorganised
phallic fixation behaviour
Seductive & flirtatious, promiscuous
phallic fixation personality
Male: exhibitionistic, vain, aggressive
Female: naïve, seductive/ submissive
latent fixation behaviour
Asexual, disengaged, lacks close friends
latent fixation personality
Immaturity; inability to form deep and lasting adult relationships
what did Carl Jung believe about Freud
Believed Freud over-emphasised sexuality
what did Carl Jung focus on
dual aspects of the personality: private self vs. persona presented to others
Therapy should help the expression of the unconscious: an ally, not an enemy
where does the collective unconscious come from
Plato’s Meno
soul is immortal
All knowledge is kept within the soul
We forget everything at birth due to trauma
What did Alfred Adler believe
- People consciously strive to improve lives
- Relationships shape individuals - so desire contributes to society
what did Freud believe about women
any problems with women were due to hysteria
What did Karen Horney believe
Women more likely to envy men’s status, power and freedom than their penises
Women are socialised into gender roles, not ‘destined’ to fulfil them by biology or psychology
what does humanistic psychology place an emphasis on
- Emphasis on present rather than past or future
what is the self according to humanists
- organised pattern of perceptions, consciously available
what did Maslow criticise
psychology’s focus on maladaptive behaviour - a need to focus on thriving
what is the hierarchy of needs
begins with basic needs like animals
humans broadly evolve through the stages towards self actualisation
name one of Maslow’s examples of self actualisation
Einstein - able to perceive reality and make sense of the unknown
What is flow
occur when people are engaged in self-actualising activities
Loss of sense of time and self-consciousness
what did Carl Rogers
Focused on person-focused therapy
Worked in international conflict resolution
what does person centred therapy do
Involves creating a proper relationship with clients
Reflection - Helping clients understand their personality
