Depression and bipolar disorder Flashcards
what can features of depression negatively impact
- Ability to work
- Interpersonal functioning including relationships
-Systems and income
what does depression reflect according to clinical guidelines
a heterogenous group disorders
what can increase risks of depression
social circumstances e.g. poverty
what is required for diagnostic criteria to be valid
a change from previous functioning
Diagnostic criteria for depression
WALLFST
-feeling Worthless
-Appetite
-Low mood
Low energy
Fidget (psychomotor agitation)
Sleep disruption
Thoughts of death
Prevalence of depression in adults (UK)
5-7%
how much more likely are young people to experience depression
young adults = 3 times more likely than those over 60
male to female reported symptoms
1.5- 3 times higher for females than males
what is the approximate lifetime prevalence for depression
18%
Biological risk factors of depression
Genetics
Regulatory dysfunction
psychological risk factors of depression
- Cognitive schema
- Information processing Rumination (dwelling/overthinking)
Pessimism
social risk factors of depression
attachment
trauma/loss
relationship difficulties
social support
outline the three factors involved in Beck’s cognitive theory of depression
Negative views of oneself
Negative views of the environment
Negative view of the future
Outline the cognitive behavioural maintenance cycle
Feeling depressed/negative thoughts
withdrawal from activity
reductions in positive rewards from engaging in activities
self reinforcement
Recommended treatments for depression
- Low or high intensity psychological therapy
- Medication
- Combined treatments
- Electroconvulsive therapy as last resort
how prevalent are the use of antidepressants in the UK
17% of UK population
Name the three commonly used antidepressants
Selective serotonin reputable inhibitors (SSRIs)
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
Define a manic episode
Distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased goal-directed activity or energy, lasting at least 1 week
symptoms of manic episodes
Inflated self esteem
Decreased need for sleep
More talkative and easily distracted
Racing thoughts
Excessive involvement in risk taking activities
what is a hypomanic state
Lasts at least 4 consecutive days
Displays 3 symptoms assessed in manic episodes
The disturbance is observable by others
does not cause marked impairment
Diagnostic criteria for Bipolar 1 disorder
At least one manic episode has occurred, major depressive episodes are typical but not required to meet diagnostic criteria
Diagnostic criteria for bipolar 2 disorder
Individual has experience at least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode
what is cyclothymic disorder
Hypomanic and depressive symptoms are experienced for at least 2 years but which don’t meet criteria for hypomanic episode or MDE
what is the lifetime prevalence of bipolar in the UK
1.7%
what factors are associated with developing bipolar
family history
brain anatomy
psychosocial stressors
treatments for bipolar
- combinations of medications and therapy
- mood stabilisers/antipsychotics
-CBT
