schizophrenia Flashcards
what is the DSM-5 criteria of schiz?
delusions
hallucinations
disorganized behavior
grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
negative symptoms (reduced speech and emotion)
effects on the level of functioning
symptoms last for at least six months.
what are the 3 categories of schiz symptoms?
positive: hallucinations, delusions
other: disorganized, bizarre behavior, disorganized speech.
negative: reduced expression, avolition, alogia, flat effect.
what’s the vulnerability of psychosis (schiz)?
groups at risk:
ppl who’s father where older than 50 at the time of their birth (miller et al, 2011).
parent who works as a drycleaner.
18-30yo is the peak time for onset of illness (Tandon et al, 2009).
what is the hereditability of schiz?
uher (2009) : 0.81
Mitchell and porteous (2010):
concordance rate in MZ twins 3 times higher than DZ.
first degree relatives of a schizophrenic is 10x more likely to get it.
the quality of adoptive home can influence a child that has a biological background.
what is the multifactorial aetiology of schiz?
parental factors: whether a genotype expresses depends on the biological and environmental trigger .
viral infections: infections in development may have causal influence (kraepelin,1919).
maternal infections: infections in pregnancy may cause risk for later development (brown, 2011).
rhesus incompatibility: the blood difference between child and mother - brain deformities + birth complications (Freedman et al, 2011).
early nutritional deficiency: those conceived during famine had a two fold increase (Brown, 2011).
maternal stress: stressful events in the 1st,2nd trimester cause an increased risk to the child (king et al,2010).
gene-environment interaction in schiz?
when they interact, they set the stage for development.
schiz may arise because of rare mutations microdeletions or microduplication (St claire,2009)
a genetic liability may predispose a person to suffer more from environmental insults than the case of the absence of genetic predisposition.
what is neurochemistry? how do anti depressants change that?
synaptic transmission, action potential, reuptake, negative feedback, postsynaptic neuron.
anti depressants block the re uptake of neurotransmitters.
what is the dopamine hypothesis?
Hyperactivity of dopamine D2 receptor in the sub cuticle and limbic regions contribute to positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Whereas negative symptoms of the disorder can be attributed to hyper functionality of dopamine D1 in the prefrontal cortex.
what’s the stress diathesis model in regards to schiz?
genetic vulnerability and prenatal/postnatal factors effect brain vulnerability. stress and developmental maturational processes effect this leading to psychosis.
what are the social risk factors of psychosis?
communication deviance: disorganized, contradictory, hard to follow familial communication (Doal eta l, 1981)
high expressed emotions in families: how the family speak about the patient during private interview - criticism, hostility (Hooley, 2007)
cannabis use or abuse: active ingredients increase dopamine in several areas of the brain (et khoury et al, 2012)
the psychological model of schiz?
biopsycho-social vulnerability
stressful events
emotional changes
cognitive dysfunction and anomalous experiences
appraisal of experience
positive symptoms
