schizophrenia

Question 1

diagnosis of schizophrenia is highly reliable using the DSM-5 with an inter-rater agreement of +0.97 and test-retest reliability of +0.92

Answer 1

osorio

Question 2

showed there is low validity with the diagnosis of schizophrenia, two psychiatrists had same 100 clients and found that 68 were diagnosed using the ICD and 39 with DSM, criterion validity is low

Answer 2

cheniaux

Question 3

concluded that schizophrenia is co-morbid with depression (50%), substance abuse (47%), or OCD (23%), this suggests that schizophrenia may not exist as a distinct condition

Answer 3

buckley

Question 4

conducted a large scale study of families to find your chances of developing schizophrenia if your aunt (2%), sibling (9%), or MZ twin (48%) had schizophrenia

Answer 4

gottesman

Question 5

combined all previous data from genome-wide studies and found 108 separate genes associated with slightly increased risk of schizophrenia

Answer 5

ripke

Question 6

used adoption studies to show that biological children of those with schizophrenia were highly likely to develop it later in life even if adopted, shows the genetic link with schizophrenia

Answer 6

tienari

Question 7

induced schizophrenic symptoms in rats and then alleviated them using anti-psychotic drugs to prove their efficacy

Answer 7

tenn

Question 8

suggested the psychodynamic explanation of schizophrenia using the schizophrenogenic mother

Answer 8

fromm-reichmann

Question 9

put forward the double bind theory and suggested that when a child is regularly trapped in situations where they fear doing the wrong thing but receive conflicting messages, this can lead to a distrust of the world and schizophrenia

Answer 9

bateson

Question 10

identified dysfunction of central control as an explanation for speech poverty, people with schizophrenia experience derailment of thoughts because each word is triggering

Answer 10

frith

Question 11

reported that adults with schizophrenia are disproportionately likely to have an insecure attachment type (type C or D), also that 69% of women and 59% of men have a history of physical and/or sexual abuse

Answer 11

read

Question 12

compared performance on a range of cognitive tasks and as predicted by the central dysfunction theory, people with schizophrenia took over twice as long

Answer 12

stirling

Question 13

reviewed data from 13 trials and found that the drug CHLORPROMAZINE was associated with better functioning and reduced symptom severity

Answer 13

thornley

Question 14

used CBT to treat a paranoid client who believed the mafia were after him, he gently challenged the client’s beliefs in order to shift them

Answer 14

turkington

Question 15

made the family model of therapy that consisted of: sharing information and identifying resources, mutual understanding, relapse prevention

Answer 15

burbach

Question 16

reviewed 34 studies of CBT for schizophrenia and found there is evidence for significant effects on symptoms

Answer 16

jauhar

Question 17

found reductions in auditory hallucinations after CBT

Answer 17

pontillo

Question 18

pointed out that different studies used different CBT techniques of patients with different symptoms, its hard to generalise how effective it will be for the average person

Answer 18

thomas

Question 19

concluded that family therapies were effective as relapse rates dropped by 50-60%

Answer 19

mcfarlane

Question 20

used a token economy in a schizophrenia ward, patients were rewarded for good behaviour with tokens that could be exchanged for luxuries

Answer 20

ayllon and azrin

Question 21

identified three categories of institutional behaviour that can be tackled using token economies: personal care, condition related behaviours (such as apathy), and social behaviour

Answer 21

matson

Question 22

identified 7 high quality studies that studies the effectiveness of token economies and found all reported a reduction in negative symptoms and a decline in unwanted behaviours

Answer 22

glowacki

Question 23

argued that for someone to develop schizophrenia they MUST have the “schizogene”, suggested that diathesis was genetic

Answer 23

meehl

Question 24

studied children adopted from schizophrenic mothers, found that children with parents with a high level of criticism were more likely to develop schizophrenia but only those that were at great genetic risk

Answer 24

tienari

Question 25

randomly allocated 315 participants to do either: drugs +
CBT, drugs + counselling, or the control (just meds) and found that both combination groups showed reduced levels of symptoms, however there was no difference in hospital readmission

Answer 25

tarrier

Question 26

suggested that tarrier’s argument was a treatment-causation fallacy, we cannot assume the success of combined treatment

Answer 26

jarvis and okami