schizophrenia Flashcards
diagnosis of schizophrenia is highly reliable using the DSM-5 with an inter-rater agreement of +0.97 and test-retest reliability of +0.92
osorio
showed there is low validity with the diagnosis of schizophrenia, two psychiatrists had same 100 clients and found that 68 were diagnosed using the ICD and 39 with DSM, criterion validity is low
cheniaux
concluded that schizophrenia is co-morbid with depression (50%), substance abuse (47%), or OCD (23%), this suggests that schizophrenia may not exist as a distinct condition
buckley
conducted a large scale study of families to find your chances of developing schizophrenia if your aunt (2%), sibling (9%), or MZ twin (48%) had schizophrenia
gottesman
combined all previous data from genome-wide studies and found 108 separate genes associated with slightly increased risk of schizophrenia
ripke
used adoption studies to show that biological children of those with schizophrenia were highly likely to develop it later in life even if adopted, shows the genetic link with schizophrenia
tienari
induced schizophrenic symptoms in rats and then alleviated them using anti-psychotic drugs to prove their efficacy
tenn
suggested the psychodynamic explanation of schizophrenia using the schizophrenogenic mother
fromm-reichmann
put forward the double bind theory and suggested that when a child is regularly trapped in situations where they fear doing the wrong thing but receive conflicting messages, this can lead to a distrust of the world and schizophrenia
bateson
identified dysfunction of central control as an explanation for speech poverty, people with schizophrenia experience derailment of thoughts because each word is triggering
frith
reported that adults with schizophrenia are disproportionately likely to have an insecure attachment type (type C or D), also that 69% of women and 59% of men have a history of physical and/or sexual abuse
read
compared performance on a range of cognitive tasks and as predicted by the central dysfunction theory, people with schizophrenia took over twice as long
stirling
reviewed data from 13 trials and found that the drug CHLORPROMAZINE was associated with better functioning and reduced symptom severity
thornley
used CBT to treat a paranoid client who believed the mafia were after him, he gently challenged the client’s beliefs in order to shift them
turkington
made the family model of therapy that consisted of: sharing information and identifying resources, mutual understanding, relapse prevention
burbach
reviewed 34 studies of CBT for schizophrenia and found there is evidence for significant effects on symptoms
jauhar
found reductions in auditory hallucinations after CBT
pontillo
pointed out that different studies used different CBT techniques of patients with different symptoms, its hard to generalise how effective it will be for the average person
thomas
concluded that family therapies were effective as relapse rates dropped by 50-60%
mcfarlane
used a token economy in a schizophrenia ward, patients were rewarded for good behaviour with tokens that could be exchanged for luxuries
ayllon and azrin
identified three categories of institutional behaviour that can be tackled using token economies: personal care, condition related behaviours (such as apathy), and social behaviour
matson
identified 7 high quality studies that studies the effectiveness of token economies and found all reported a reduction in negative symptoms and a decline in unwanted behaviours
glowacki
argued that for someone to develop schizophrenia they MUST have the “schizogene”, suggested that diathesis was genetic
meehl
studied children adopted from schizophrenic mothers, found that children with parents with a high level of criticism were more likely to develop schizophrenia but only those that were at great genetic risk
tienari
randomly allocated 315 participants to do either: drugs +
CBT, drugs + counselling, or the control (just meds) and found that both combination groups showed reduced levels of symptoms, however there was no difference in hospital readmission
tarrier
suggested that tarrier’s argument was a treatment-causation fallacy, we cannot assume the success of combined treatment
jarvis and okami
