memory Flashcards
found that STM coded acoustically while LTM coded semantically
baddeley
studied digit span and found that the capacity of STM is 7.3 letters and 9.3 numbers
jacobs
studied digit span and found that STM capacity was 5-9 items, but could be increased by chunking
miller
studied duration of STM using consonant syllables and found that recall after 18 seconds was 3%
peterson and peterson
studied duration of LTM by using a recognition task using classmates and found that when recognising faces, recall was 90% after 15 years and 70% after 48 years. in the free recall test, it was 60% after 15 years and 30% after 48.
bahrick
confirmed jacobs results in a controlled lab study which showed jacobs study had validity
bopp and verhaegen
argued that miller was overestimating STM capacity and found capacity was closer to 3-5 items
cowan
made the multi-store model of memory
atkinson and shifrin
argued that as well as the maintenance rehearsal that was described in the MSM, we also need elaborative rehearsal to learn
craik and watkins
believe the semantic memory is in the LEFT prefrontal cortex and the episodic is in the Right prefrontal cortex
buckner and petersen
argued against buckner and petersen and believe the semantic memory is in the RIGHT prefrontal cortex and the episodic is in the LEFT prefrontal cortex
tulving
research has helped treatment for older people with episodic memory loss
belleville
found that some people with alzheimers can still make episodic memories but not semantic ones
hodges and patterson
created the working memory model
baddeley and hitch
divided the visuo-spatial sketchpad into two subcomponents: inner scribe and visual cache
logie
conducted the clinical study of KF and found that while his phonological loop was damaged, his visuo-spatial sketchpad was intact
shallice and warrington
tested the interference theory by using lists of words and found that the more words (information) a person had to remember, the more interference there is
mcgeoch and mcdonald
found that more information causes more interference and worse recall
tulving and psotka
researched context dependent forgetting using divers on land or underwater and found that those that had mismatched learning and recall environments did worse than those that matched
godden and baddeley
researched state dependent forgetting using antihistamine drugs and again found that those with mismatched states had worse recall
carter and cassaday
argued that retrieval failure is the main reason for forgetting
eysenck and keane
argued that for context dependent forgetting to take place, contexts have to be incredibly different
baddeley
researched leading questions using a video of a car crash and used neutral to violent words and found a significant difference in average speed reported by participants depending on how violent the word used was
loftus and palmer
studied post event discussion and found that after shown a video from a specific POV, participants reported parts of a crime that was not visible from their POV
gabbert
found that participants usually reported central details more accurately than peripheral details (research into central focus)
sutherland and hayne
found that when shown a video of a crime where the criminal had either blond or dark hair, participants recalled a blend and reported light brown hair
skagerberg and wrights
found that anxiety has a negative effect on memory, participants in the high anxiety condition only recalled the man accurately 49% of the time
johnson and scott
found that anxiety has a positive effect on memory, participants that witnessed a real robbery where the assailant was killed had very similar testimonies to when the original investigation was conducted
yuille and cutshall
found that it was unusualness rather than anxiety that caused poor memory, used raw chicken in a hairdressers shop
pickel
measured the heart rate of participants in london dungeons and found that those with higher arousal rates had poorer recall than those with lower arousal rates
valentine and mesout
confirmed yuille and cutshall’s results using participants that had witnessed a real bank robbery and found those that were closer to the robbery (high anxiety) had better recall than those that were further away (lower anxiety)
christianson and hubinette
created the cognitive interview
fisher and geiselman
did a meta analysis of CI and found that the cognitive interview produced 41% more accurate information than normal police interview. however he also found that the CI produced more INACCURATE information as well
kohnken
found that each section of the cognitive interview was better than a normal police interview
milne and bull
