memory

Question 1

found that STM coded acoustically while LTM coded semantically

Answer 1

baddeley

Question 2

studied digit span and found that the capacity of STM is 7.3 letters and 9.3 numbers

Answer 2

jacobs

Question 3

studied digit span and found that STM capacity was 5-9 items, but could be increased by chunking

Answer 3

miller

Question 4

studied duration of STM using consonant syllables and found that recall after 18 seconds was 3%

Answer 4

peterson and peterson

Question 5

studied duration of LTM by using a recognition task using classmates and found that when recognising faces, recall was 90% after 15 years and 70% after 48 years. in the free recall test, it was 60% after 15 years and 30% after 48.

Answer 5

bahrick

Question 6

confirmed jacobs results in a controlled lab study which showed jacobs study had validity

Answer 6

bopp and verhaegen

Question 7

argued that miller was overestimating STM capacity and found capacity was closer to 3-5 items

Answer 7

cowan

Question 8

made the multi-store model of memory

Answer 8

atkinson and shifrin

Question 9

argued that as well as the maintenance rehearsal that was described in the MSM, we also need elaborative rehearsal to learn

Answer 9

craik and watkins

Question 10

believe the semantic memory is in the LEFT prefrontal cortex and the episodic is in the Right prefrontal cortex

Answer 10

buckner and petersen

Question 11

argued against buckner and petersen and believe the semantic memory is in the RIGHT prefrontal cortex and the episodic is in the LEFT prefrontal cortex

Answer 11

tulving

Question 12

research has helped treatment for older people with episodic memory loss

Answer 12

belleville

Question 13

found that some people with alzheimers can still make episodic memories but not semantic ones

Answer 13

hodges and patterson

Question 14

created the working memory model

Answer 14

baddeley and hitch

Question 15

divided the visuo-spatial sketchpad into two subcomponents: inner scribe and visual cache

Answer 15

logie

Question 16

conducted the clinical study of KF and found that while his phonological loop was damaged, his visuo-spatial sketchpad was intact

Answer 16

shallice and warrington

Question 17

tested the interference theory by using lists of words and found that the more words (information) a person had to remember, the more interference there is

Answer 17

mcgeoch and mcdonald

Question 18

found that more information causes more interference and worse recall

Answer 18

tulving and psotka

Question 19

researched context dependent forgetting using divers on land or underwater and found that those that had mismatched learning and recall environments did worse than those that matched

Answer 19

godden and baddeley

Question 20

researched state dependent forgetting using antihistamine drugs and again found that those with mismatched states had worse recall

Answer 20

carter and cassaday

Question 21

argued that retrieval failure is the main reason for forgetting

Answer 21

eysenck and keane

Question 22

argued that for context dependent forgetting to take place, contexts have to be incredibly different

Answer 22

baddeley

Question 23

researched leading questions using a video of a car crash and used neutral to violent words and found a significant difference in average speed reported by participants depending on how violent the word used was

Answer 23

loftus and palmer

Question 24

studied post event discussion and found that after shown a video from a specific POV, participants reported parts of a crime that was not visible from their POV

Answer 24

gabbert

Question 25

found that participants usually reported central details more accurately than peripheral details (research into central focus)

Answer 25

sutherland and hayne

Question 26

found that when shown a video of a crime where the criminal had either blond or dark hair, participants recalled a blend and reported light brown hair

Answer 26

skagerberg and wrights

Question 27

found that anxiety has a negative effect on memory, participants in the high anxiety condition only recalled the man accurately 49% of the time

Answer 27

johnson and scott

Question 28

found that anxiety has a positive effect on memory, participants that witnessed a real robbery where the assailant was killed had very similar testimonies to when the original investigation was conducted

Answer 28

yuille and cutshall

Question 29

found that it was unusualness rather than anxiety that caused poor memory, used raw chicken in a hairdressers shop

Answer 29

pickel

Question 30

measured the heart rate of participants in london dungeons and found that those with higher arousal rates had poorer recall than those with lower arousal rates

Answer 30

valentine and mesout

Question 31

confirmed yuille and cutshall’s results using participants that had witnessed a real bank robbery and found those that were closer to the robbery (high anxiety) had better recall than those that were further away (lower anxiety)

Answer 31

christianson and hubinette

Question 32

created the cognitive interview

Answer 32

fisher and geiselman

Question 33

did a meta analysis of CI and found that the cognitive interview produced 41% more accurate information than normal police interview. however he also found that the CI produced more INACCURATE information as well

Answer 33

kohnken

Question 34

found that each section of the cognitive interview was better than a normal police interview

Answer 34

milne and bull