aggression Flashcards
linked the limbic system to emotions such as aggression
papez and maclean
used brain scans (fMRI) with participants in a lab based game that provoked aggression to observe the amygdala, found that BENZODIAZEPINE reduced aggression.
gospic
found lower levels of serotonin metabolite 5-HIAA in violent impulsive offenders compared to non impulsive offenders
virkkunen
found a positive correlation between testosterone and aggression in male offenders with histories of impulsive violent behaviour
dolan
argued that non-limbic brain structures are also involved such as the orbitofrontal cortex, found that OFC activity is reduced in psychiatric disorders featuring depression
coccaro
participants took part in a lab-based game where they either gave or received electric shocks in response to provocation and found that participants who took PAROXETINE (raises serotonin levels) gave fewer and less intense shocks
berman
found that while neural factors may have a direct link to aggression, they may also be indirect, other factors may influence the link between serotonin and aggression
denson
conducted an animal study to show that testosterone has a key role in aggression by studying male rhesus monkeys during mating season
giammanco
proposed the dual-hypothesis theory that suggested that high testosterone levels lead to aggression but only if cortisol levels are low
carre and mehta
studied MZ and DZ twins and found: physical aggression had concordance rates of 50% for MZ twins and 19% for DZ twins, for verbal aggression it was 28% for MZ twins and 7% for DZ twins
coccaro
conducted a meta-analysis of adoption studies and found that genetic influences account for 41% of the variance of aggression
rhee and waldman
studied 28 male members of a dutch family who had been repeatedly involved with violent crimes and found these men had abnormally low levels of MAOA enzyme and the MAOA-L variant
brunner
found an association between antisocial aggression and the MAOA-L gene in adult males but only those who had experienced significant trauma before the age of 15 (diathesis-stress)
frazzetto
found that while men with the low-activity MAOA gene were more aggressive, their high-activity MAOA gene counterparts were more co-operative and much less aggressive in a money distributing game
mertins
observed how aggression in children at play led to dominance hierarchies, giving evidence that aggression is an adaptive trait
pettit
observed that most intra-species aggression consisted of ritualistic signalling and rarely led to actual physical violence, evidence for adaptive nature of aggression
lorenz
argued that a Fixed Action Pattern is an unchanging behavioural sequence found in every individual of a species and follows an inevitable course which cannot be altered before it is completed
lea
found that when presenting male sticklebacks with wooden models with red underbellies, this caused an Innate Releasing Mechanism to trigger the FAP and once started, it would run its full course and did not change from time to time
tinbergen
argued that instead of genetics having a huge influence, culture could over-power it, homicides based on reactive aggression were more common in the southern states of the US compared to the north
nisbett
found that same-species aggression is not always ritualistic as lorenz suggested by observing male chimps killing member of the community even though they offered appeasement signals
goodall
argued that FAPs are influenced by environment and learning rather than being innate genetic mechanisms, the sequence of behaviours in a FAP varies between individuals and situations
hunt
identified two major mate retention strategies: Direct guarding- male vigilance over partner’s behaviour, and Negative inducements- threats for consequences of infidelity
wilson and daly
found that women who reported mate retention strategies in partners were twice as likely to experience physical violence, with 73% saying they required medical attention and 53% saying they feared for their lives
wilson
suggested that gender differences to aggression are adaptive as females with offspring would not benefit from physical aggression and would prefer verbal aggression
campbell
questioned the view that the !kung san people were not aggressive and therefore were evidence against adaptive aggression because they still had high homicide rates, argued that there was some observer bias and poor sampling
lee
proposed the frustration hypothesis which states that aggression is psychological drive similar to biological drives such as hunger, frustration leads to violent thoughts and actions
dollard
found that once students became frustrated in a lab task, they were more likely to give (fake) electric shocks if they saw a weapon next to them, used this to suggest that frustration only causes a readiness for aggression and cues (weapons) increase the likelihood of aggression
berkowitz and lepage
male university students had to complete a puzzle and were either: given an impossible puzzle, prevented from finishing the puzzle by a confed, or were insulted by the confed and found that all three groups gave more shocks than the control group
geen
conducted a meta-analysis of studies where aggression was directed at a human target other than the one that caused the frustration, participants who were unable to directly retaliate were more likely to aggress against an innocent target (displaced aggression)
marcus-newhall
found that people who vented anger by hitting a punching bag actually became more aggressive and so argued that aggression is not cathartic
bushman
reformulated the frustration-aggression hypothesis to the negative affect theory to suggest that any negative emotion can cause aggression not just frustration
berkowitz
found that aggressive boys made friends with more aggressive boys and so their behaviour was reinforced by modelling
poulin and boivin
argued that when we join a crowd we lose restraint, self-identity and responsibility (de-individualization) so we experience less personal guilt for being aggressive and in turn act more aggressively
lebon
argue that anonymity reduce two types of self awareness: Private self awareness - attention to our own feelings, Public self-awareness - we realise we are less likely to be judged by others
prentice-dunn and rogers
asked 229 students asked “if they could do anything with no repercussions, what would they do?” three independent raters categorised the responses and found that 36% were antisocial behaviour, 26% were actual criminal acts, only 9% were prosocial acts, showed a link between anonymity, de-individuation and aggressive behaviour
dodd
found that most aggressive messages on social media were people that hid their real identities
douglas and mcgarty
told participants in a darkened room they could do anything they liked and they would never meet again, they started kissing n such, in the meet again condition there was much less kissing n such
gergen
identified 21 newspaper reports of crowds baiting suicidal people to jump, evidence for de-individualisation
mann
argued that inmates import a subculture typical of criminality into prison which then influence inmates use of aggression and power within institutions so aggression is the result of individual characteristics rather than the prison environment itself
irwin and cressey
studied juvenile delinquents in californian institutions who imported many negative backgrounds he compared this group with a normal control group and found that those with negative experiences were more likely to engage in violent, antisocial behaviour
delisi
argued that harsh prison conditions cause stress for inmates who cope by acting aggressively and is made worse by unpredictable prison regimes so aggression becomes and adaptive solution to deprivation
clemmer
investigated factors increasing aggression in 512 prisons and found that inmate on inmate violence was more common in prisons where there was a higher proportion of female staff, gave evidence that prison level factors cause aggression in line with the deprivation model
steiner
found no significant difference in aggression over two years between inmates randomly placed in low (33% aggression) or high (36%) security prisons
camp and gaes
claims that the deprivation model ignores other factors that may influence prisoner’s behaviour such as the way the prison itself is run
dilulio
found that inmate homicides in texan prisons were as a result of deprivations within the prisons that aligned with those identified in clemmer’s model
cunningham
studied two US prisons and found no reduced aggression in prison for inmates that were allowed visits for sex
hensley
replicated the bobo doll experiment but this time the children watched a film and found that children still imitated the model’s behaviour closely so aggression takes place as accurately face to face as through media
bandura
found that student who played the violent game mortal kombat gave more bursts of white noise than their counterparts who played a non-violent golfing game
bartholow and anderson
notes that we accept that violence in the home is bad so media is important sources of social learning and that children are more likely to replicate aggressive behaviour if they see it vicariously reinforced
anderson
showed participants a movie with a violent rape scene and found that men that also watched a mock rape trial accepted more rape myths than men who hadnt watched the trial, there was no similar affect by female participants
weisz and earls
argued that aggressive media cognitvely primes us for potential violent experiences by storing it in our memory
huesmann
found songs with aggressive lyrics may trigger violent behvaiour
fischer and greitemeyers
found that when shown violent films, habitual watchers of aggressive media had lower arousal rates than those that did not watch as much violent media
krahe
found participants gave more electric shocks to a confed after watching a film that showed aggression as vengeance
berkowitz and alioto
suggest that those who watch more violent media stores aggressive scripts more readily and interpret cues as aggression in order to retaliate
bushman and anderson
showed that complexity may be a confounding variable, violent games tend to be more complex than non-violent games and when he removed the complexity, the priming effects of video games disappeared
zendle
