aggression

Question 1

linked the limbic system to emotions such as aggression

Answer 1

papez and maclean

Question 2

used brain scans (fMRI) with participants in a lab based game that provoked aggression to observe the amygdala, found that BENZODIAZEPINE reduced aggression.

Answer 2

gospic

Question 2

found lower levels of serotonin metabolite 5-HIAA in violent impulsive offenders compared to non impulsive offenders

Answer 2

virkkunen

Question 3

found a positive correlation between testosterone and aggression in male offenders with histories of impulsive violent behaviour

Answer 3

dolan

Question 4

argued that non-limbic brain structures are also involved such as the orbitofrontal cortex, found that OFC activity is reduced in psychiatric disorders featuring depression

Answer 4

coccaro

Question 5

participants took part in a lab-based game where they either gave or received electric shocks in response to provocation and found that participants who took PAROXETINE (raises serotonin levels) gave fewer and less intense shocks

Answer 5

berman

Question 6

found that while neural factors may have a direct link to aggression, they may also be indirect, other factors may influence the link between serotonin and aggression

Answer 6

denson

Question 7

conducted an animal study to show that testosterone has a key role in aggression by studying male rhesus monkeys during mating season

Answer 7

giammanco

Question 8

proposed the dual-hypothesis theory that suggested that high testosterone levels lead to aggression but only if cortisol levels are low

Answer 8

carre and mehta

Question 9

studied MZ and DZ twins and found: physical aggression had concordance rates of 50% for MZ twins and 19% for DZ twins, for verbal aggression it was 28% for MZ twins and 7% for DZ twins

Answer 9

coccaro

Question 10

conducted a meta-analysis of adoption studies and found that genetic influences account for 41% of the variance of aggression

Answer 10

rhee and waldman

Question 11

studied 28 male members of a dutch family who had been repeatedly involved with violent crimes and found these men had abnormally low levels of MAOA enzyme and the MAOA-L variant

Answer 11

brunner

Question 12

found an association between antisocial aggression and the MAOA-L gene in adult males but only those who had experienced significant trauma before the age of 15 (diathesis-stress)

Answer 12

frazzetto

Question 13

found that while men with the low-activity MAOA gene were more aggressive, their high-activity MAOA gene counterparts were more co-operative and much less aggressive in a money distributing game

Answer 13

mertins

Question 14

observed how aggression in children at play led to dominance hierarchies, giving evidence that aggression is an adaptive trait

Answer 14

pettit

Question 15

observed that most intra-species aggression consisted of ritualistic signalling and rarely led to actual physical violence, evidence for adaptive nature of aggression

Answer 15

lorenz

Question 16

argued that a Fixed Action Pattern is an unchanging behavioural sequence found in every individual of a species and follows an inevitable course which cannot be altered before it is completed

Answer 16

lea

Question 17

found that when presenting male sticklebacks with wooden models with red underbellies, this caused an Innate Releasing Mechanism to trigger the FAP and once started, it would run its full course and did not change from time to time

Answer 17

tinbergen

Question 18

argued that instead of genetics having a huge influence, culture could over-power it, homicides based on reactive aggression were more common in the southern states of the US compared to the north

Answer 18

nisbett

Question 19

found that same-species aggression is not always ritualistic as lorenz suggested by observing male chimps killing member of the community even though they offered appeasement signals

Answer 19

goodall

Question 20

argued that FAPs are influenced by environment and learning rather than being innate genetic mechanisms, the sequence of behaviours in a FAP varies between individuals and situations

Answer 20

hunt

Question 21

identified two major mate retention strategies: Direct guarding- male vigilance over partner’s behaviour, and Negative inducements- threats for consequences of infidelity

Answer 21

wilson and daly

Question 22

found that women who reported mate retention strategies in partners were twice as likely to experience physical violence, with 73% saying they required medical attention and 53% saying they feared for their lives

Answer 22

wilson

Question 23

suggested that gender differences to aggression are adaptive as females with offspring would not benefit from physical aggression and would prefer verbal aggression

Answer 23

campbell

Question 24

questioned the view that the !kung san people were not aggressive and therefore were evidence against adaptive aggression because they still had high homicide rates, argued that there was some observer bias and poor sampling

Answer 24

lee

Question 25

proposed the frustration hypothesis which states that aggression is psychological drive similar to biological drives such as hunger, frustration leads to violent thoughts and actions

Answer 25

dollard

Question 26

found that once students became frustrated in a lab task, they were more likely to give (fake) electric shocks if they saw a weapon next to them, used this to suggest that frustration only causes a readiness for aggression and cues (weapons) increase the likelihood of aggression

Answer 26

berkowitz and lepage

Question 27

male university students had to complete a puzzle and were either: given an impossible puzzle, prevented from finishing the puzzle by a confed, or were insulted by the confed and found that all three groups gave more shocks than the control group

Answer 27

geen

Question 28

conducted a meta-analysis of studies where aggression was directed at a human target other than the one that caused the frustration, participants who were unable to directly retaliate were more likely to aggress against an innocent target (displaced aggression)

Answer 28

marcus-newhall

Question 29

found that people who vented anger by hitting a punching bag actually became more aggressive and so argued that aggression is not cathartic

Answer 29

bushman

Question 30

reformulated the frustration-aggression hypothesis to the negative affect theory to suggest that any negative emotion can cause aggression not just frustration

Answer 30

berkowitz

Question 31

found that aggressive boys made friends with more aggressive boys and so their behaviour was reinforced by modelling

Answer 31

poulin and boivin

Question 32

argued that when we join a crowd we lose restraint, self-identity and responsibility (de-individualization) so we experience less personal guilt for being aggressive and in turn act more aggressively

Answer 32

lebon

Question 33

argue that anonymity reduce two types of self awareness: Private self awareness - attention to our own feelings, Public self-awareness - we realise we are less likely to be judged by others

Answer 33

prentice-dunn and rogers

Question 34

asked 229 students asked “if they could do anything with no repercussions, what would they do?” three independent raters categorised the responses and found that 36% were antisocial behaviour, 26% were actual criminal acts, only 9% were prosocial acts, showed a link between anonymity, de-individuation and aggressive behaviour

Answer 34

dodd

Question 35

found that most aggressive messages on social media were people that hid their real identities

Answer 35

douglas and mcgarty

Question 36

told participants in a darkened room they could do anything they liked and they would never meet again, they started kissing n such, in the meet again condition there was much less kissing n such

Answer 36

gergen

Question 37

identified 21 newspaper reports of crowds baiting suicidal people to jump, evidence for de-individualisation

Answer 37

mann

Question 38

argued that inmates import a subculture typical of criminality into prison which then influence inmates use of aggression and power within institutions so aggression is the result of individual characteristics rather than the prison environment itself

Answer 38

irwin and cressey

Question 39

studied juvenile delinquents in californian institutions who imported many negative backgrounds he compared this group with a normal control group and found that those with negative experiences were more likely to engage in violent, antisocial behaviour

Answer 39

delisi

Question 40

argued that harsh prison conditions cause stress for inmates who cope by acting aggressively and is made worse by unpredictable prison regimes so aggression becomes and adaptive solution to deprivation

Answer 40

clemmer

Question 41

investigated factors increasing aggression in 512 prisons and found that inmate on inmate violence was more common in prisons where there was a higher proportion of female staff, gave evidence that prison level factors cause aggression in line with the deprivation model

Answer 41

steiner

Question 42

found no significant difference in aggression over two years between inmates randomly placed in low (33% aggression) or high (36%) security prisons

Answer 42

camp and gaes

Question 43

claims that the deprivation model ignores other factors that may influence prisoner’s behaviour such as the way the prison itself is run

Answer 43

dilulio

Question 44

found that inmate homicides in texan prisons were as a result of deprivations within the prisons that aligned with those identified in clemmer’s model

Answer 44

cunningham

Question 45

studied two US prisons and found no reduced aggression in prison for inmates that were allowed visits for sex

Answer 45

hensley

Question 46

replicated the bobo doll experiment but this time the children watched a film and found that children still imitated the model’s behaviour closely so aggression takes place as accurately face to face as through media

Answer 46

bandura

Question 47

found that student who played the violent game mortal kombat gave more bursts of white noise than their counterparts who played a non-violent golfing game

Answer 47

bartholow and anderson

Question 48

notes that we accept that violence in the home is bad so media is important sources of social learning and that children are more likely to replicate aggressive behaviour if they see it vicariously reinforced

Answer 48

anderson

Question 49

showed participants a movie with a violent rape scene and found that men that also watched a mock rape trial accepted more rape myths than men who hadnt watched the trial, there was no similar affect by female participants

Answer 49

weisz and earls

Question 50

argued that aggressive media cognitvely primes us for potential violent experiences by storing it in our memory

Answer 50

huesmann

Question 51

found songs with aggressive lyrics may trigger violent behvaiour

Answer 51

fischer and greitemeyers

Question 52

found that when shown violent films, habitual watchers of aggressive media had lower arousal rates than those that did not watch as much violent media

Answer 52

krahe

Question 53

found participants gave more electric shocks to a confed after watching a film that showed aggression as vengeance

Answer 53

berkowitz and alioto

Question 54

suggest that those who watch more violent media stores aggressive scripts more readily and interpret cues as aggression in order to retaliate

Answer 54

bushman and anderson

Question 55

showed that complexity may be a confounding variable, violent games tend to be more complex than non-violent games and when he removed the complexity, the priming effects of video games disappeared

Answer 55

zendle