issues and debates Flashcards
claimed that children in the phallic stage desire the parent of the opposite sex, this is resolved by an identification to the same-sex parent, he suggested that girl’s identification is weaker
freud
said that mothers and daughter are more connected than sons and mothers due to biological similarities, which is why women develop better empathy and bonds with others
chodorow
suggested that women exhibit a ‘tend and befriend’ response governed by the hormone oxytocin, it reduces flight or fight and is an evolved response for caring for young
taylor
concluded girls have better verbal ability and boys have better spatial ability due to hardwired biological differences
maccoby and jacklin
used brain scanning and to prove that maccoby and jacklin were wrong
joel
suggests that the popular social stereotype that females are better at multitasking may have some biological truth to it, their hemispheres are better connected
ingalhalikar
analysed 1000 articles relating to gender bias - this research is funded much less than other parts of psychology hence why information is so limited
formanowicz
an ethnocentrism, suggested the ideal attachment was when the infant showed moderate distress, however this mis-interprets other culture’s child rearing practices to be wrong
ainsworth and bell
argued that an etic approach looks at behaviour from outside a given culture and identifies behaviours that are universal while an emic approach functions from inside a culture and identifies behaviours specific to that culture
berry
used white, middle-class US participants in their experiments, when replicated in other cultures the results produced were different
asch and milgram
found 14 out of 15 studies comparing the US and Japan found no evidence of individualist vs. collectivist cultures, suggests that cultural bias may be less of an issue
takano and osaka
explained how the first intelligence tests led to eugenic social policies, shows how cultural bias could be used to justify discrimination
gould
looked at adolescents who had a strong belief in fatalism (that their lives were decided by events outside of their control), they were at greater risk of depression, suggests that the knowledge of free-will may have positive impact on mental health
roberts
asked participants to randomly flick their wrist and say when they felt the need to move while brain activity was measured, showed that unconscious brain activity started about 1 second before conscious activity, argued no free will
libet
identified different levels of the environment in regards to the nature/nurture debate, prenatal terms and postnatal experiences
lerner
